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Say it to history. In mid-to-late Sassanid Persia, women's property rights were guaranteed and expanded to a certain extent.
Women can exercise property rights independently and have the same status as men in business and property transactions.
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In addition, women can also distribute property through a will without the need for male guardianship or consent.
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The development of women's property rights guaranteed by the laws of Sassanid Persia is indicative of the relative progress and openness of the society with regard to women's rights.
Especially in the settled and developed cities, the social and economic status of women has been greatly improved.
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Types of Marriage and Property Inheritance in Early Sassanid Persian Women.
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There are three main types of marriage for women in early Sassanid Persia:
Free marriages, arranged marriages and slave marriages.
Free marriage refers to the freedom to choose a partner and marry him/her.
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An arranged marriage between parents means that the woman's parents or relatives choose the marriage partner and submit a marriage request to the man's family.
A slave marriage is when a woman is married to a man as a slave or captive.
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In these types of marriages, women's autonomy is limited and affected to varying degrees.
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In early Sassanid Persia, women had relatively little right to inherit property, focusing mainly on the dowry and other property they had in marriage.
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A dowry is a property that a woman brings to her husband during a marriage, which can be gold, silver, jewelry, chattel, or a house.
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If the woman does not have a dowry, the man is not legally obliged to provide her with any form of property.
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Women's inheritance rights are influenced by a variety of factors such as family status, social status, and property status, while men can usually inherit all property when their parents die.
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Over time, the inheritance rights of Sassanid Persian women were expanded and improved to a certain extent, but their rights and interests were still restricted and treated unfairly.
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But Sassanid Persian law had different rules and protections for women in different types of marriage.
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Specifically, a woman in a free marriage can get her dowry or its equivalent back in the event of divorce.
However, in marriage, it is not possible to negotiate marriage matters alone, and it is necessary to negotiate and reach a consensus with the man.
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A woman in an arranged marriage can enjoy the management and care of her parents, but whether she can recover her dowry and other assets in the event of a divorce depends on the decision of her parents.
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In slave marriages, women do not have legal protection and inheritance rights, and their property is often considered the property of the man.
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In addition, in Sassanid Persian society, women of different professions and identities also had different legal status and rights.
For example, women of the royal family and women of local leaders could receive more protection and privileges.
The lower prostitutes and slaves, on the other hand, had no rights and protections.
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It should be noted that the law and practice of law in Sassanid Persia were often influenced by culture, religion, and social customs, and there were great variations and differences in the specific implementation of legal provisions.
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As a result, women's rights and status may change over time and in different regions.
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Inheritance of property for unmarried women.
In Sassanid Persian society, the right of unmarried women to inherit property was relatively secure.
According to the provisions of the Sassanid Code, an unmarried woman has the right to inherit her father's estate in the event of the death or absence of all of her parents and siblings.
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If the woman has siblings, the estate is distributed in accordance with the law.
In addition, if the woman has a dowry, the property of the dowry goes to the unmarried woman in the case of an unmarried.
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It is important to note that in the laws and practices of Sassanid Persian society, women often face multiple challenges such as family pressures, patriarchal society, and legal restrictions on marriage, and their right to inherit property may also be restricted or lost.
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Especially in marriage, women often lose their property and ownership in their own names, and therefore may also be affected in terms of inheritance rights.
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Moreover, the Sassanid Persian dynasty enacted a series of laws and regulations, including property laws and inheritance laws.
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The Sassanid Code of Law was the core of the Sassanid legal system, with provisions specifically governing personal property and inheritance rights.
For example, the second volume of the Sassanid Code deals with the question of succession.
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In addition, the Sassanid Dynasty also formulated laws and regulations such as the Code of Judges and the Code of Property, which further regulated property and its inheritance and distribution.
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In Sassanid Persian society, in addition to laws and regulations, religious beliefs also had an impact on property and inheritance rights.
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For example, the teachings of Islam stipulate that women have the right to inheritance, and although the Sassanid Persian dynasty was a religiously pluralistic society, the influence of Islam on the legal system was present.
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It should be pointed out that the legal system of Sassanid Persian society is relatively backward, and there are great differences and gaps from today's modern law.
Therefore, we should focus on its historical and cultural context, rather than as a basis for modern law.
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Intestate succession vs. testamentary succession.
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Yes, the inheritance law of Sassanid Persia is relatively complex, with both intestate and testamentary succession.
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Intestate succession stipulates that when the owner of the estate dies, the estate will be inherited by the heirs of the estate.
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In Sassanid Persian society, heirs to the estate include relatives such as spouses, children, parents, siblings, etc., and the order of succession between different relatives and the proportion of spouse inheritance are prescribed.
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Because the Sassanid Persian rules of intestate succession were more complex, they were closely related to the maintenance of social class.
In Sassanid Persian society, religious clergy and nobility were of high status, and they also enjoyed some privileges in terms of inheritance, which led to some complications in detail.
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For example, in Sassanid Persian society, Zoroastrian clergy and Sassanid nobility had priority in inheritance, and under equal blood ties, their inheritance would be superior to that of ordinary people.
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In addition, Sassanid Persia also established priorities between different relatives, such as sons taking precedence over daughters, father or mother taking precedence over siblings, etc.
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In terms of the distribution of property, Sassanid Persian society adopted the principle of equal distribution and equal proportional distribution.
When the testamentary heirs are less than the share of the property distribution, the principle of equal distribution is applied.
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When the testamentary heirs exceed the share of property distribution, the principle of equal distribution is adopted.
At the same time, testamentary heirs must comply with Shariah regulations when distributing property, such as not distributing it to non-Muslims.
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In conclusion, the rules of intestate succession in Sassanid Persia are influenced by social class and religious beliefs, and the rules are more complex and require a comprehensive consideration of the influence of various factors.
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Testamentary succession in Sassanid Persia is relatively simple compared to intestate succession.
A will is a written document made by the testator before his death to distribute the estate according to his or her wishes.
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In Sassanid Persia, the rules of testamentary succession are more flexible, allowing the testator to decide for himself how the assets are to be distributed, without having to follow the traditional rules of succession.
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The testator can divide the estate in whole or in part to the people who want it, including non-family members.
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However, it is important to note that the will needs to be made in accordance with the requirements of Sassanid Persian law.
The testator must have full capacity for conduct, be of normal mind, and have not been affected by threats, coercion, etc. when signing the will.
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In addition, the testator must meet the inheritance restrictions of Sassanid Persian law, for example, not depriving the son of inheritance, etc.
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In a testamentary succession, the heirs appointed by the testator will distribute the distributed share from the estate as instructed in the will.
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If the testator has not appointed an heir or the designated heir has passed away, it will be treated as intestate succession.
Testamentary succession can bring greater flexibility to the distribution of the estate and strengthen the testator's right to control his or her estate.
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It should be pointed out that the inheritance law of Sassanid Persia is more complex, especially in terms of inheritance rights and distribution ratios between relatives, etc., which stipulate many details, and is also influenced by religious beliefs, cultural traditions and other factors.
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In early Sassanid Persian society, men were often allowed to marry several wives, which were equivalent to concubines, noblewomen, or concubines in today's society.
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All offspring born to these chartered wives are legal descendants of the man, including sons and daughters.
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In the early Sassanid Persian law of succession, the son born to a chartered wife was the legal offspring of the man and the most powerful direct heir.
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These sons could inherit their father's property, leadership, and political position.
Daughters, on the other hand, do not have the same rights and are usually considered the property of marriage and family, living under the protection of their father or brother.
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It is worth noting that in the inheritance laws of Sassanid Persia, the sons born to the chartered wives were subject to the provisions of the inheritance laws, although they had higher inheritance rights.
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For example, in some cases, a man may deprive his son of his inheritance rights or distribute the estate to someone else in his will.
These provisions ensure the fairness and legitimacy of the inheritance process.
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In the complex kinship structure described above, the property rights of Sassanid Persian women changed to a certain extent as their status changed.
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In early Sassanid Persia, although only men could be full heirs, women still had some right to inherit family property in their respective families under guardianship.
This is because, in Sassanid Persian society, women were often seen as one of the important assets of the family.
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In early Sassanid Persia, women were usually divided into two types: ** and wives.
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* Equivalent to today's unmarried women, and wives are married women.
Regardless of whether women are married or not, they have certain inheritance rights to family property in their respective families under guardianship.
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Specifically, the inheritance law of Sassanid Persia allowed women to inherit family property from their fathers, brothers, and other male relatives, including immovable property, chattel, and money.
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If a woman has no brothers or other male relatives, their inheritance may be acquired by a husband or son.
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Although women's inheritance rights were limited to family property, in the early Sassanid Persian period, it was still seen as an important social right that could help women gain more support and protection in the family and society.
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ENDS