The Sumerian civilization is one of the earliest civilizations in human history, and it is located in the lower reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in today's southeastern Iraq, so it is also known as the civilization of the two rivers. This civilization is of special significance not only because it has created many important cultural and social institutions in human history, but also because it has had a profound impact on the development of human civilization. This article will look at the origin, achievements, and influence of the Sumerian civilization, and its special significance.
1. The Origin of the Sumerian Civilization.
The origins of the Sumerian civilization can be traced back to around 4000 BC. During this period, the Sumerian region had a suitable climate and fertile land, which provided good conditions for the development of agriculture. The Sumerians gradually formed a stable agricultural society by constantly improving their farming tools and farming techniques. At the same time, they also developed sophisticated irrigation systems, such as the famous "Sadolin Irrigation System", which greatly improved agricultural production. This laid a solid material foundation for the rise of Sumerian civilization.
II. The Achievements of the Sumerian Civilization.
Writing system: The Sumerians created the earliest writing system in human history, cuneiform. Originally engraved on clay tablets, the script was dried or cured in the sun to form a document that could be preserved for a long time. The emergence of cuneiform writing enabled the Sumerians to record historical events and pass on cultural knowledge, providing an important carrier for the inheritance and development of human civilization.
Mathematics and Astronomy: The Sumerians also made notable achievements in the field of mathematics and astronomy. They developed a decimal counting system that provided the basis for later mathematical and scientific research. At the same time, the Sumerians also developed precise calendars such as the "solar calendar" through the observation of celestial phenomena, which provided important guidance for agricultural production and religious activities.
Architecture and art: The Sumerian art of architecture and sculpture also reached a very high level. They built many magnificent palaces, temples, and mausoleums, such as the famous "Mausoleum of Urnham", which demonstrated their great architectural skills. In addition, Sumerian sculptures were known for their vividness and delicacy, reflecting all aspects of social life at the time.
Social system: The Sumerians established a complete set of social systems, including the city-state system, bureaucratic system, land system, religious system, etc. These systems provided important references for the development of civilization in the future. For example, the city-state system allowed the city-states in Sumeria to form a relationship of competition and cooperation with each other, and promoted cultural exchange and integration.
3. The decline of Sumerian civilization.
The decline of the Sumerian civilization is a complex historical process that involves many reasons.
First of all, political and social turmoil was one of the main reasons for the decline of Sumerian civilization. Over time, rivalries and wars intensified between Sumerian city-states, and this internal conflict weakened their ability to confront foreign enemies. At the same time, changes in social structures and changes in power can lead to the instability of the political system.
Secondly, natural disasters were also an important factor in the decline of Sumerian civilization. Due to the over-cultivation and overgrazing of the land by the Sumerians, which led to the degradation of the land and the depletion of water sources, these environmental problems seriously affected agricultural production and, in turn, the continued development of the entire civilization.
Finally, external invasions also played a decisive role in the decline of Sumerian civilization. In the 23rd century BC, Sargon the Great of the Akkadians conquered Sumer, marking the end of Sumerian civilization. Conquerors from outside not only destroyed Sumerian cities, but also may have interrupted the transmission of their culture and knowledge.
IV. The Influence of Sumerian Civilization.
Influence on later civilizations: As one of the earliest civilizations in human history, the Sumerian civilization had a profound impact on later civilizations. For example, the development of cuneiform script laid the foundation for later alphabetic writing; The mathematical and astronomical achievements of the Sumerians provided an important reference for later scientific research; Its architecture and artistic style also had an influence on later civilizations.
Implications for modern society: The development of Sumerian civilization also provides us with many inspirations. First of all, the Sumerians attached great importance to scientific and technological innovation and cultural inheritance, which provides a reference for us to promote scientific and technological progress and protect cultural heritage today. Second, the Sumerians established a complete social system that provided a guarantee for the stability and development of society. This provides enlightenment for us to build a harmonious society and improve social governance today. Finally, the development of Sumerian civilization also tells us that the development of civilization requires long-term accumulation and continuous innovation. Only by maintaining an open mind and the spirit of courage to explore can we promote the continuous development of civilization.