In my article "Who is the Most Successful Islamic State?" It mentions the Ottoman period of Turkey, who was a fighting Islam and an attacking giant.
The time span is divided into two periods:
1299-1453 - from province to empire;
The period from 1453 to 1579 was at its peak. Eleven sultans in total.
1. Osman I (1258-1326).
In the year, taking advantage of the Sultanate of Rûm**, Osman I officially declared his independence and called himself "Ghazi", laying the prototype for Turkey to return home.
2. Al Khan (1326-1360).
Al Khan succeeded to the throne, changed his name to governor, established a standing army, and annexed most of the territory of the Sultanate of Rûm.
defeated the Byzantine Emperor in the largest city in Anatolia, Nicaea, and moved the capital here.
In the year, he captured Nicomedia, moved the capital to Bursa, crossed the Dardanelles, and began the conquest of the Balkan Peninsula.
year, captured in Sküdar.
year, the Gallipoli Peninsula was captured, which served as a bridgehead for the future conquest of the Balkans.
6. During this period, Al Khan determined the administrative organization, appointed the vizier, and sent military governors to various places. Olkhan was the true founder of the Turkish state.
3. Murad I (1360-1389).
Murad I succeeded to the throne and began the conquest of the Balkans.
In the year of the capture of the Byzantine town of Adriatic, renamed Ajonel, and set the capital here.
years, occupied part of Bulgaria and Serbia.
year, annexed Macedonia and occupied Thessaloniki.
In the Battle of Kosovo, the Ottomans defeated the combined Serbian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian armies.
4. Bayezid I (1389-1402).
year, captured the Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo and killed the Bulgarian king.
year, occupied Bulgaria and incorporated it into its territory.
year, besieged Constantinople.
At the Battle of Nicoburg, he defeated the combined forces of France, Germany, and Hungary, killing 10,000 Crusaders.
In the year the Ottomans were defeated by Timur's army at the Battle of Ankara, Bayezid I was captured and later died, and the state was subsequently dissolved.
5. Muhammad I (1413-1421).
Restoration of the territories occupied by the Timurid Empire.
6. Murad II (1421-1451).
In the year, Serbia was conquered and restored to the territory of Bayezid I.
year, defeated by the Hungarian army under the city of Belgrade.
In the Battle of Walle, the Hungarian and Polish forces were defeated.
Peak 1453-1579
1. Mehmed II (1451-1481).
On May 29, Mehmed II the Conqueror sailed across Cam Ranh Bay on dry land, captured Constantinople with the cannon of Urban, renamed Istanbul, and made it the capital.
How Da Liu describes Constantine XI, the last emperor of Byzantium, in "The Three-Body Problem": he wore armor and brandished his sword and rushed towards the crowd of Ottoman troops, like a snowflake that quickly melted to the ground. More than a thousand years after the fall of Western Rome in 476, the long tail of the comet of Eastern Rome disappeared into the night sky.
The Middle Ages in the West are over. The intellectuals who fled the city in a hurry fled to distant Italy, taking the ancient Greek texts with them, and soon after the Renaissance began.
The Byzantine double-headed eagle was transferred to Russia under Sofia.
year, conquered the Kingdom of Serbia.
years, the conquest of Bosnia.
year, conquered Albania, and before that, the Ottomans were twice defeated by Skanderbeg.
In 1479, the Ottomans fought at sea against the Republic of Venice, which ceded most of the islands in the Aegean Sea.
In the year, the Crimean Khanate recognized the Ottoman Empire as its suzerainty.
The capture of the Italian city of Otran, the siege of Crete in May, the Knights Hospitaller resolutely counterattacked, and the Ottomans withdrew in August.
In the same year, the Ottomans defeated the Aries dynasty of Uso-Hassan, and Asia Minor was incorporated into the territory, which was later called the core territory of the Ottomans, and played an important role in the formation of the Turkish nation.
In the same year, Mehmed II decreed that my sons had the right to kill their own brothers when they succeeded to the throne. This law became the basis for the cannibalism of the Ottoman royal brothers in the future.
II. Bayezid II (1481-1512).
years, occupied Herzegovina.
year, the capture of the Danube fortress.
year, conquered the Adriatic fortress of Venice.
3. Selim I (1512-1520).
In eastern Anatolia, Ismaili I was defeated.
Tabriz, AugustDefeat Ismaili I at the Battle of Chaldiran. The battle laid the modern borders of Iran and Turkey.
year, conquered Egypt, the Sultan became caliphate.
4. After the conquest of Egypt, he specialized in internal affairs, set up an officer training school, built a new palace of Aricauz, and expanded the navy.
4. Suleiman I (1520-1566).
year, suppressed the rebellion of the governor of Damascus.
In August, Belgrade was occupied.
After the occupation of Rhodes, the Knights Hospitaller withdrew to the island of Malta and re-established the Knights of Malta.
In the First Battle of Mohachi, King Joraš II of Hungary was defeated and killed.
year, the first siege of Vienna.
year, the second attempt to occupy Vienna failed, and it was withdrawn halfway.
In the year, he sent the Grand Viziergal to attack Asia and occupy Tabriz.
In the capture of Baghdad, Suleiman I became the undisputed leader of the Islamic world and the heir of the Abbasid Caliphate.
In that year, the HRE Emperor Charles V defeated the Ottomans in Tunisia.
In the Battle of Preveza, the Spanish fleet was defeated by Hayreddin Pasha (Barbarossa, Redbeard) at the Battle of Preveza. 33 years of domination in the Mediterranean.
In the year when the Ottomans besieged Buda, the HRE Emperor Charles V made peace with the Ottomans, and the Austrian Grand Duke Ferdinand relinquished the power of the Hungarian king and proclaimed Charles V the king of Spain.
In the year, Hyreddin Pasha captured Nice, France.
In that year, Turkey signed an agreement to return Tabriz to Persia, but Turkey received Baghdad, the Euphrates, the Tigris estuary, and the coast of the Persian Gulf.
14. In the same year, the Ottoman Navy was defeated by the Imperial Portuguese Navy in the Gulf of Oman.
In that year, the Ottomans annihilated the Spanish expeditionary force in Morocco.
5. Selim II (1566-1574).
In that year, the Ottomans signed an agreement with the HRE Emperor Maximilian II, who gave the Ottomans 30,000 gold coins and recognized the Ottomans as Moldavian sovereignty.
In the year, the Russian army in Astrakhan defeated the Ottoman army.
In the year, Venice ceded Cyprus to the Ottomans.
year, the seizure of Tunisia from Spain.
In the year, the Grand Vizier Sokorovich died.
Since the Battle of Astrakhan, the Ottomans have encountered the hard stubble of Tsarist Russia, and since then, the 241-year Russo-Turkish War has begun, leaving the Ottomans desperate for death, and the attacking giant has finally stopped its progress.
End of this article. The next issue will tell the story of the Ottomans - the stagnant giants.
My gzh: Herodotus, a 40-year-old real estate man, is not panicked at all, like a tree at the door, the flowers are in full bloom, and the branches are luxuriant. With the escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Middle East has been opened up, and this is the nineteenth article. Let's use common sense to fend off the prejudices of the times.