In any empire in history, there have been glorious apex and then stagnation or the speed of light, and so on.
1453 was an important year, the West put an end to the millennium of the Middle Ages, where Islamic civilization achieved an absolute victory over the religious world. After the capture of Constantinople, the Ottomans imposed heavy taxes on incoming and outgoing caravans. So the Western Europeans began a journey to explore new routes.
Different corners of the world are starting to change.
1. The opening of new shipping routes.
In 1498, under the guidance of Marindi's guide, Ibn Majid, da Gama led a Portuguese fleet across the Indian Ocean on a southwesterly wind to the southern Indian merchant port of Calicut, where the Portuguese found a new route to India and laid the foundation for the establishment of Eastern hegemony. Since then, the old trade routes through the Middle East, such as the Silk Road, have gradually declined.
Second, the limit of conquest.
The Ottoman Empire was undoubtedly a very successful war machine in the beginning, relying on human and animal power to drive the expansion of the empire. As time went on and as their territory expanded, the giants moved forward more and more: it took longer to start a war, there was less time to prepare for it, the forces of the European enemies became more concentrated, a strong army could be organized, and victory became more difficult. The input-output ratio of war has become less remarkable.
3. The Law of Ibn Khaldun.
The Tunisians, who study the history of Sharia law, argue in the Introduction to History that there are two different forms of social formation in Islamic society: the Medina-style urban civilization and the nomadic civilization of the Bedouins. The Bedouins possess a high degree of sectarian cohesion. Civilized societies were attacked by the Bedouins, and the already senile civilized countries were conquered by the Bedouins, who established states, and in the cities of the new nations, the Bedouins were gradually assimilated by the civilizations they had conquered, and as the level of civilization increased, they gradually lost their belligerent character and solidarity. After four generations (100-120 years), they became "soft" enough to be conquered by the new Bedouins. This is how history is repeated over and over again.
Stagnant giants
The empire was at its peak, and the sultans who ruled the vast empire grew up in Topkapi Palace, where they were either executed to ensure a smooth transition of the throne or ruled over the world. They no longer go to the front to command the war, and the Grand Vizier is in charge of the running of the empire.
I. Selim I 1566-1574
In 1568, the Ottomans signed a peace treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian, who gave the former 30,000 gold coins to recognize Ottoman sovereignty in Moldavia.
II. Murad III 1574-1595
In the year, Lala Mustafa Pasha captured Tbilisi.
In that year, Osman Pasha and Filhard Pasha captured Tabriz.
III. Muhammad III 1595-1603
Defeated the Habsburg army at the Battle of Kresz, Hungary in 1596.
4. Ahmed I 1603-1617
In 1605, the Persian Safavids were defeated by the forces of Abbasid the Great at Lake Urmia, the first field defeat of the Ottomans, and almost all of them were wiped out. Later, the Turkish army lost Tabriz, Mesopotamia, Mosul, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.
V. Mustafa I 1617-1618, 1622-1623
He ascended the throne in 1617, but he was mentally retarded and deposed three months after his accession to the throne.
In 1618, Osman II succeeded to the throne and in 1622 Osman II was killed by the Janissaries
It was restored in 1622 and deposed again the following year.
6. Murad IV 1623-1640.
In the year, he conquered the Safavid dynasty of Persia twice, capturing Yerevan, Tabriz, and Baghdad.
In 1629, the Treaty of Zohab was signed in Persia to permanently recover the valley of the two rivers.
He was the last Ottoman Sultan to call the shots on horseback.
7. Ibrahim I 1640-1648
In 1648, it was deposed because of mediocrity.
VIII. Muhammad IV 1648-1687
In this year, he learned new siege techniques in Europe, defeated the Venetian army, and captured Crete.
On September 12, the Grand Vizierkala Mustafa led 250,000 Ottoman troops to besiege Vienan for two months without success, and was defeated by the Polish-HRE forces led by the Polish-Lithuanian king Jan Sobeski, preventing the Ottoman invasion of Europe.
The Battle of Vienna in 1683 was undoubtedly a turning point in the fate of European civilization and the Ottoman Empire. For more than 200 years, the Ottomans had few defeats in Europe, absorbing European advanced technology while organizing a steady stream of eastern troops to invade Europe. Even in the late 17th century, when military technology was expanded, the Ottomans lost the ability to launch a large-scale attack on the heart of Europe. The giants finally stopped under the city of Vienna.
The Ottomans lost large swaths of territory in Ukraine and Hungary, and in November of the same year, the Sultan was deposed on charges of incompetence.
9. Suleiman II 1687-1691
In 1690, he was defeated by the forces of the HRE led by Duke Ludwig Wilhelm of Baden at the Battle of Slankaman, who captured Hungary, and was expelled from Hungary.
10. Ahmed II 1691-1695
In 1695, the Sultan died of illness and exhaustion.
Ten. I. Mustafa II 1695-1703
In the Battle of Senta, he was defeated by Prince Eugen of Savoy.
2. In the same year, Peter the Great captured the Black Sea fortress on the Sea of Azov in the hands of Turkey.
In the same year, the Treaty of Clovitz was signed with Austria, ceding Hungary and Sichuan Sivania to Austria, Morea to Venice, and withdrawing troops from Podolia, Poland.
years, after the failure of the reform, it was abolished.
Ten Russian-Turkish wars
From the 17th century to the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire fought a series of wars over the Caucasus, the Balkans, the Black Sea, the Crimea and other places, the important one in total, known as the Ten Russian-Turkish Wars.
The First Russo-Turkish War
Cause: In 1667, Poland signed the Armistice of Andrew Sovo and acquired Poland east of the Dnieper River. Caused by the Ottoman invasion of intervention in Ukraine.
Result: The two sides signed the Treaty of Chisaray, in which the Ottomans recognized the Russian-Ukrainian merger.
After that, the Ottomans met the lifelong enemy of foreign wars: Tsarist Russia.
I finished. Next issue: The story of the Ottomans - the decaying giant.
My gzh: Herodotus, a 40-year-old real estate man, is not panicked at all, like a tree at the door, the flowers are in full bloom, and the branches are luxuriant. With the escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, a special topic on the Middle East has been opened, and this is the twentieth article. Let's use common sense to fend off the prejudices of the times.