The victory of the military and the people in the liberated areas in the war of self-defense and counterattack and the rise of the anti-civil war movement in the areas ruled by the Kuomintang showed that there were serious difficulties for the Kuomintang ruling clique to control China by waging a civil war.
At the same time, the armed conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party intensified day by day after the Chongqing negotiations, indicating that the policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek pursued by the United States since the late stage of the Anti-Japanese War did not achieve the expected goal.
Under these circumstances, the United States has readjusted its China policy.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the new situation in China proved that Hurley's policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek had gone bankrupt. In order to extricate itself from its predicament, the United States was forced to adjust its China policy, that is, to change from openly supporting Chiang Kai-shek to appearing as "neutral" and "mediating."
On November 26, 1945, Hurley, the representative of the U.S. policy of supporting Chiang, the ambassador to China, was forced to resign from Truman again under pressure from home and abroad.
On 27 November, the United States announced its acceptance of Hurley's resignation, and immediately appointed Admiral Marshall, former chief of staff of the Army, to go to China as a special envoy to "mediate" the dispute between the KMT and the CCP.
On December 15, Truman issued a new China policy statement:
1) Efforts should be made to stop hostile activities between the Kuomintang ** army and the Communist Party of China and other armed forces with different opinions.
2) In view of the fact that the current Chinese people are the most popular, the United States firmly advocates that the National Conference, representing the principal political forces in China, should establish an agreement on ways to enable these forces to be fairly and effectively represented among the Chinese people, and to discuss ways to resolve the present civil disputes at an early date.
3) The United States recognizes the current Chinese **national** as the sole legitimacy of China**.
Truman of the United States, in his instruction to Marshall, stated:
On the one hand, he was asked to use the influence of the United States to try to persuade China to convene a national conference composed of representatives of the main parties in order to achieve the reunification of China, so as to deny the existence of the people's army under the leadership of the Communist Party.
On the other hand, it is necessary to continue to support and assist the Kuomintang in all respects, to help it immediately to transport its troops to the northeast, and to make preparations for the transportation to North China, so that the Kuomintang can establish its power in China as broadly as possible.
This shows that after the Hurley method of the naked policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek failed, the US ruling circles attempted to use mainly political means to help Chiang Kai-shek establish a unified and **** to achieve his goal of controlling all of China without a fight.
On December 15, Marshall departed for China. On the same day, Truman issued a statement on US policy toward China, expressing his approval of China convening a national convention of representatives of the country's major political parties.
With regard to the basic position of the United States and the proposition of convening a meeting of various political parties in China, the CPC has made a serious analysis and believes that:
Although the US policy is basically still supporting Chiang Kai-shek, these changes in US policy are beneficial to the current struggle of the Chinese people for peace and democracy, so the CCP ** decided to accept Marshall's "mediation."
On December 15, at the plenary session of the Communist Party of China, it was pointed out when analyzing this new trend that is currently emerging:
Chiang Kai-shek attempted an armistice on conditions favorable to him and set up a treat-style coalition**. Our task is to carry out a political offensive in line with military self-defence, and we are also prepared to seek acceptable compromises.
** It is believed that the CPPCC should be convened only after the national armistice and the Double 10 announcement should be realized. The meeting decided:
1) With 7 people, Dong Biwu, Wang Ruofei, Deng Yingchao, and Wu Yuzhang, as representatives of the Communist Party of China, they attended the Political Consultative Conference on the one hand, and continued negotiations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party on the other hand.
2) The establishment of the Communist Party of China's ** Southern Bureau (formerly known as the Chongqing Bureau), with Dong Biwu as secretary and Wang Ruofei as deputy secretary.
On December 16, ** led a delegation of the Communist Party of China to Chongqing to attend the Political Consultative Conference.
The members of the delegation are Dong Biwu, Wang Ruofei, Wu Yuzhang, and Deng Yingchao.
On December 27, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party began to hold armistice negotiations, with the CCP representatives Wang Ruofei and Dong Biwu, and the Kuomintang representatives Wang Shijie, Zhang Qun, and Shao Lizi.
** First of all, a three-point proposal for an unconditional cessation of the civil war:
1) Both sides ordered their subordinate units to temporarily station themselves in their respective locations throughout the country and to cease all military conflicts.
2) All questions relating to the avoidance of civil war, such as surrender, disarming the enemy, disbanding the puppet army, cessation of the use of the enemy's puppet army, garrisoning areas, resuming communications, transporting troops, liberated areas, and recovering areas, shall be settled through peaceful consultations after the military conflict has ceased.
3) In order to ensure the thorough realization of the first method and the smooth implementation of the second method, under the guidance of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a delegation from all walks of life throughout the country to study the civil war should be organized to go to the areas where the civil war has occurred throughout the country to conduct on-the-spot investigations, and to report the truth at any time and make it public.
The Kuomintang replied to the Chinese Communists' proposal after four days of deliberation and discussion with Marshall.
While China was striving for an armistice, U.S. Special Envoy Marshall also began his efforts to mediate relations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. After the meeting between Marshall and Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang deputies agreed in principle to the three measures of the Chinese Communists to stop the civil war.
On January 5, 1946, the representatives of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party reached a preliminary agreement on the cessation of the internal military conflict, stipulating that the armies of the two sides should cease all military operations in their respective positions, but there were some key issues of the armistice that remained unresolved.
After continuing consultations, on 7 January, Zhang Qun, a representative of the Kuomintang, and Marshall, a representative of the Communist Party, and Marshall, a representative of the United States, formed a "three-member meeting" to discuss the settlement of the military conflict and related matters.
In view of the US policy statement on China and the influence of the United States in China, especially considering that after the announcement of the Soviet-American-British trilateral foreign ministers' meeting, Marshall actually had obligations to the three countries, the Chinese communists agreed with Marshall's participation in the "three-person meeting" on behalf of the United States.
On the afternoon of 10 January, the Chinese Communist Party representatives and the Kuomintang representatives formally signed an armistice agreement. On the same day, the two sides issued an armistice effective at midnight on 13 January.
According to the armistice agreement, a military mediation and enforcement department was set up in Peiping, composed of one representative from each of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party, and the United States, to supervise the implementation of the armistice agreement.
Under the Executive Department, there are a number of military mediation implementation teams, which are assigned to various conflict sites for mediation. The signing and implementation of the armistice agreement restricted to a certain extent the movement of Kuomintang troops and their offensive into the liberated areas, thus benefiting the people.
However, the Kuomintang insisted on excluding the northeast region from the armistice agreement at the behest of the United States, indicating that the Kuomintang deliberately gave free rein to the northeast.
Before and after Chiang Kai-shek issued the armistice order, he also secretly ordered his troops to quickly seize strategic points, which exposed the hypocritical attitude of the Kuomintang towards the armistice.
The signing of the armistice agreement and the realization of the armistice are a major achievement of the KMT and the CPC in resolving differences and military conflicts between the two parties through peaceful consultations, and a major victory of the Chinese people in the struggle for peace, democracy, and reunification.
War of Liberation [No. 13].
Hurley (center).
About the Author. Since I was a child, I liked words, and when I was a primary school student, I often used to do sample essays. During the literary youth, many articles won awards. After decades of wind and rain, his hobby has not changed, he likes to read literature and history, insists on writing, and welcomes exchanges.