Hobbies are like spiritual practice.- Kun Peng's theory
This part of Aristotle's argument is the law of exclusion.
What is the law of exclusion?
You can first take a look at "Reading Metaphysics and Learning Aristotle's First Philosophy (62)", which has a detailed introduction to the law of exclusion.
In short, the law of exclusion is that between contradictory statements, no intermediary is allowed, either yes or no.
For example, if there is an open space where crops can be planted, A and B discuss what crops should be planted on this land.
A said one moment that corn should be planted, and another said that corn should not be planted.
In response to A's statement, B said, "I disagree with both of your opinions. ”
Here, A's argument violates the requirements of the law of contradiction and makes the mistake of "self-contradiction", because he affirms the two contradictory judgments that "corn should be planted" and "corn should not be planted" in this vacant land.
In response to A's argument, B's argument violates the requirement of the exclusionary law, because the exclusionary law holds that two contradictory judgments cannot be false together, and B happens to conclude that both judgments are false.
In other words, either corn should be planted on this field, or corn should not be planted, and there must be one or the other.
Volume IV, Chapter 7 (1).
Original:
On the other hand, there can be no discrepancy between contradictory narratives, and we must affirm or deny a cloud predicate on a subject.
Explanation:
There is no intermediary between contradictory statements, and there must be either affirmation or denial of one aspect of a thing.
Original:
First of all, if we explain "truth and falsehood" clearly, we can understand that whoever thinks that it is not is true and that it is not is false, and that whoever takes truth is true and false is false, this is true
So, if people think anything is yes or no, they have to say that it is true or false;
If this is "neither yes nor no", then things will be between truth and falsehood.
Explanation:
Start by defining truth and falsehood (truth and falsehood).
Whoever says that he is not is yes, and whoever is is not, is false.
Whatever is said to be true and what is not is not, is the truth, true.
So, when people call anything yes or no, they call it true or false.
However, if it is said that "it is neither yes nor no", then things become between truth and falsehood.
Original:
Again, the interbody between the opposite will resemble the gray between black and white, or the "non-human and non-horse" between man and horse.
Explanation:
Furthermore, the interbody between opposites is like the gray color between black and white, or like neither human nor horse between man and horse.
That is, the intermediate term will be either a true intermediary (e.g., gray is between black and white, and gray is part black and part white) or neutral (like something that is neither a man nor a horse, but something in between).
Original:
a) If the interbody is like the latter, then it cannot change to the opposite ends (because "change" is to change from bad to good, or from good to bad), and the interbody always changes to both ends, or both ends change to the intermediate.
As for the opposite, this is not interchangeable.
Explanation:
a) If the interbody is the latter case, it cannot change, i.e., become one of the two opposite ends, because the change is from non-a to a, or from a to non-a, but the real intermediate, which is constantly observed to be changing (i.e., always changing), either becomes the two ends of the contradiction, or from the opposite ends to the intermediate, otherwise the change cannot exist.
Original:
b) If (as in the former) this is indeed a single body, it will also have to be whitened, but it will not be made out of non-whiteness;
This is a white that is not seen in the gray.
Explanation:
b) In the former case, it is indeed an intermediate, and it will turn white, but it will not come from non-whiteness, but from whiteness that cannot be seen in gray.
What Aristotle wants to explain here is that the law of exclusion is black and white, you say he is white, he cannot be white, you say he is not white, you cannot say that he is white.
In fact, the term "black and white" is also inaccurate, because the opposite of white is not black, but non-white.
Therefore, the law of exclusion can only be applied to the case of A and non-A (the first case), and not to the case of black and white (the second case).
Because there is also gray between black and white, and there are some transitional colors.
Original:
Moreover, reason must affirm or deny every object of reason or thought,—— which should be understood by definition.
The definition always says how to be true and how to be false.
A thing that is connected by one of the affirmations or negations becomes true, and when it is connected by the other, it becomes false.
Explanation:
In addition, reason must affirm or deny every object of reason or thought.
This is clear from the definition.
Definitions always say what is true and what is false.
Things are affirmed or negated in one way of union and affirmation or negation in another.
Original:
Further, if man is not merely arguing for the sake of debate, he must establish an intermediary between all opposites, and only then can he say that there are things in the world that are "neither true nor false", and between those which are "yes and no" there will be a "neutral" thing, and between generation and destruction, a kind of intermediate.
Explanation:
Again, if one is not merely arguing for the sake of arguing, then there must be an intermediary between all contradictions, and only then can one say (logically) that there is something that is neither true nor false, and that (metaphysically) there can be something relatively "neutral" between that and what is not, and thus there is a metamorphosis between generation and destruction, that is, a change that is different from generation and destruction.
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