What are the medicinal properties of Pseudostellaria stellariae?
Pseudostellaria heterophylla (miq.) is a plant of the caryophyllaceae familyDried tubers of Pax Ex Pax et Hoffm. In summer, when most of the stems and leaves wither, they are dug up, washed, the fibrous roots are removed, and they are slightly scalded in boiling water and dried or directly dried. Pseudostellaria is sweet, slightly bitter, flat in nature, and returns to the spleen and lung meridians. It has the effect of invigorating qi and strengthening the spleen, nourishing the lungs and so on, and is used for spleen deficiency and fatigue, loss of appetite, weakness after illness, lack of qi and yin, self-sweating and thirst, dry cough and other symptoms.
What are the biological characteristics of Prince's ginseng?
Pseudostellaria is a perennial herbaceous plant with a plant height of 7-20cm. The tuberous roots are spindle-shaped, fleshy, with pale yellow skin and sparse fibrous roots. The stem is erect, purple at the base, nearly square, green at the top, nearly rounded, with 2 rows of fine hairs, with slightly enlarged segments. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, lower leaves spoon-shaped or inverted-lanceolate, upper leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, about 7 cm long, about 1 m wide. The top of the stem has 4 large leaf-like bracts, axillary, triformal, the lower part of the stem is close to the ground with flowers small-shaped, purple, closed, sepals 4, no petals, stamens usually 2;1-3 flowers in the bracts at the end of the stem, the flowers are large, white, sepals 5, petals 5 obovate, stamens 10, columella 3. The thistle is ovate, drooping and dehiscent when ripe;The seeds are 7-8, oblate-spherical, purplish-brown, with warts on the surface. The flowering period is 3 May, and the fruiting period is 4 June.
Under natural conditions, Pseudostellaria pseudostralis is mostly wild in the rock crevices and litter layers of shady and humid mountain slopes, and prefers loose, fertile sandy loam soil rich in humus. It is suitable for mild and humid climate, grows vigorously under the condition of average temperature of 10 20, is afraid of high temperature and strong light exposure in hot summer, and when the temperature reaches more than 30, growth is stagnant. In late June, the plants begin to wither and enter dormancy for summer. Pseudostellaria stellariae is hardy, and the tubers can safely overwinter at temperatures up to 20 years. Afraid of drought and waterlogging, the water accumulation in the medicine field is easy to be infected with diseases and rot roots.
Seeds obtained from natural wild scattering or artificial cultivation need to meet a certain low temperature before germination. The study found that the germination rate was 65 at 150 days under the condition of 5-58%。Therefore, the seedlings can only be seen in the spring in nature.
Where is it suitable for planting in China?
Wild Pseudostellaria is distributed in Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Sijian, Sizang and other provinces and regions, now mainly produced in Anhui, Jiangsu, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hongxi, Guizhou and other provinces, Pseudostellaria is more cold-resistant, autumn bell, winter can be long report, before spring, happy warm, protective climate, afraid of island mild and strong light exposure, the most suitable official area is mainly distributed in winter, spring clothes and humid middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River mainly in central Guizhou, Chongqing and the lake, The border of the lake is the southern part of Henan, the western part of Anhui, the central part of Jiangsu, the northeastern capital of Fujian, and the northern and southeastern districts of Zhejiang.
What are the breeding methods of prince ginseng?
The propagation method for the production of Pseudostellaria pseudostellaria is mainly based on root propagation, and seed propagation can also be used, but the mature seeds of Pseudostellaria pseudostellaria have dormant characteristics and low seed germination rate, so they are generally not used.
How to save and select ginseng?
In situ seed preservation, select well-drained, high-quality and high-yield plots for seed fields. In April and May, interplanting beans between the rows, when the summer is hot, and the Pseudostellaria pseudostrumis plants wither and fall into seedlings, the interplanting crops are the period of vigorous growth, using its lush branches and leaves, shading and cooling the ginseng ground, keeping the soil moist, and ensuring the safety of the ginseng over summer. When planting, you can dig and plant at the same time, and select the root of the bud head is complete, the ginseng body is hypertrophied, neat and injury-free, and there are no diseases and pests as seed ginseng. You can also take back and save it for planting, choose a uniform and robust ginseng root, spread 15cm thick wet sand in the shade, put a layer of ginseng root on it, cover 10cm thick wet sand, and put a layer of ginseng root, you can put 4 or 5 layers. When there is a drought, sprinkle water every 4 to 5 days to keep it moist. Pay attention to rain protection for outdoor storage, and turn it 1 time every 15 to 20 days.
How to choose and prepare the land for planting prince ginseng?
Pseudostellaria stellariae prefers a slightly acidic soil environment, with an optimal pH value of 65~7.0。In the process of growth, it is afraid of drought and waterlogging, and likes loose and fertile, well-drained, and sandy soil rich in humus, generally red soil is appropriate, followed by red and yellow soil and yellow soil. It is better to plant Pseudostellaria stellariae in a section with gentle slope, deep soil layer and sufficient water source. On the soil that is too clay or poor, the ginseng roots are small, the forks are many and deformed, the yield is low, and it is not suitable for planting. Pseudostellaria pseudostrumis should not be repeated, and the previous crop required that ginseng medicinal plants were not planted.
After the harvest of the previous crop, 2500 4500kg of well-decomposed organic fertilizer was applied to the mu of land preparation as base fertilizer, turned 25 35cm deep, and raked evenly with a width of 13~1.5m, 20-23cm high, the length of the furrow depends on the terrain.
How to grow ginseng?
Generally, it can be planted from late October to early November (the north can be appropriately advanced, and the south can be appropriately delayed.) The quality of ginseng is greatly affected by the depth of planting, the planting is too deep, the underground stem nodes are long, and the tuber roots are large, but the roots are few and the yield is lowThe planting is too shallow, the stem nodes are short, the new ginseng is concentrated in the topsoil layer, and the root type and small surfaces are intertwined, which does not meet the product requirements. On the leveled furrow surface, according to the row spacing of 12 17cm transversely open the ditch with a depth of 6 9cm, according to the plant spacing of 5-7cm, the bud head of the ginseng is upward, towards one direction, slightly inclined to plant into the ditch, after covering the fine soil, the topsoil is compacted, watered thoroughly, and 40 50kg of seed ginseng is needed per mu.
How many days does it take to grow for Pseudostellaria stellariae?
The whole growth period of artificially cultivated Pseudostellaria pseudostellariae is 200 240 days, and its growth process can be divided into the following four stages.
1) Budding stage After planting, when the temperature gradually drops to 15 and the soil temperature is 10, the ginseng begins to sprout and root slowly. This stage goes through overwintering until the seedlings emerge. During this period, the growth is slow, mainly relying on the nutrients stored in the ginseng, so the ginseng is required to be hypertrophied and the base fertilizer is sufficient.
2) Vigorous growth stage After the emergence of seedlings in February of the following year, the growth of plants gradually increases, and enters the process of budding, flowering, and fruiting. At this time, branches are formed in the aboveground and the plant biomass increases. The underground stems rooted, elongated, and expanded one by one, and the number of tubers increased, and the dry weight increased. By the time of the mango species, the plant growth reached its peak. This is the main period for the growth and flourishing of plants, and it is also the critical period for plants to absorb, produce and accumulate nutrients.
3) Tuber root expansion stage From mid-April, the number and length of adventitious roots increased significantly, and they expanded until mid-June, which was the main period for the formation of root tuber yield. The peak of the dry weight of the tuber root is slightly delayed, so it is very important to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water to promote and prolong the vigorous growth of plants.
4) Dormant stage: After the miscanthus is planted, the leaves begin to wither and fall off, and the aboveground plants die on the summer solstice, and the new ginseng begins to spread out in the soil, entering the dormant and oversummer stage.
How to carry out field management during the growth period of Pseudostellaria stellariae?
1) Cultivating weeding and top dressing After the seedlings are raised in the spring of the following year, a shallow loosening of the soil is carried out, combined with weeding, 1000 1500kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu is applied to promote the growth of seedlings. After that, the grass is pulled to keep the field free of weeds. In May, the plants are closed and weeding can be stopped.
2) Soil cultivation After the emergence of seedlings in spring, the soil of the ditch is evenly sprinkled next to the plant for soil cultivation, which is conducive to the growth and development of roots. The thickness of the soil is 1Below 5cm, it should not be too thick, otherwise there will be fewer hair roots, which will affect the yield.
3) Drainage and irrigation water Pseudostellaria pseudostellariae is afraid of drought and waterlogging, so it should be watered in time during drought to keep the soil moist, which is conducive to rooting and plant growth. In the rainy season, pay attention to timely ditch drainage to prevent root rot.
How to prevent and control the disease of Pseudostellaria spp.?
The main diseases of Pseudostellaria pseudostellariae are leaf spot, root rot and virus disease, etc., and the following measures are taken in the green production, control and mitigation of vegetables, fruits, tea, etc.
1) Leaf spot.
Origin and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Semi-Knowitives, Spherical Shell Artillery, and Shell Needle. Mainly damage the leaves, the infected leaves first appear gray-white round irregular small blight, after the lesions expand, gray-white or light yellow-brown, brown edges, yellow halo around, long water black dots on the lesions, and arranged into a ring pattern, the later child lesions heal into irregular spots, the old lesions are perforated, the leaves die, and the whole plant dies when the disease is serious, which seriously affects the yield.
The germs overwinter and summer on the diseased remains, spread by wind and rain, and invade people from the wounds and stomata of the leaves. It mostly occurs in April and May, when the temperature begins to occur at 15 18 o'clock, 20 25 is the most suitable temperature for the disease, and the disease is easy to spread when the field temperature is high and the humidity is high.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: clean the field, remove dead branches and debris, and manually weed the planting field and its surroundingsIn accordance with the principle of formula and balanced fertilization, reasonable micro-fertilizer. Targeted cooperation with the promotion of the use of biological agents, biological organic fertilizer, with potassium phosphite + polyglutamic acid, antagonism and killing of harmful bacteria, strong roots, and enhance plant disease resistance and stress resistance;During the growth period, the seriously diseased plants should be uprooted in time, buried deeply or burned;Reasonable implementation of crop rotation and stubble.
Scientific drug prevention and treatment: prevention and treatment methods and drug technology reference"Peony leaf spot disease"。
2) Root rot.
Pathogens and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Hemicomycetes, Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium nigra. At the beginning of the disease, the fibrous roots turn brown and rot, and gradually spread to the taproot, resulting in whole root rot. With the increase of root decay, the aboveground stems and leaves wither from the bottom up, and eventually the whole plant dies. It also occurs during the dormant period (6 to 10 months) of Pseudostellariae. If the high temperature and humidity are high, and the soil air permeability is not good, the root is easy to rot from the wound.
The pathogen overwinters in the bulb or in the soil with the diseased residue, and the onset begins at a temperature of 16 17, and 22 28 is the appropriate temperature for the onset. At the same time, conditions such as underground pests, root mites, high soil moisture, excessive rainwater, poor drainage, and continuous cropping are conducive to the aggravation and epidemic of diseases.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: Crop rotation with non-host plants for more than 3 years;Disease-free healthy plants are selected to keep seeds;In accordance with the principle of formula and balanced fertilization, reasonable micro-fertilizer. Increase the application of well-rotted organic fertilizer, and cooperate with the promotion of the use of biological fungi and biological organic fertilizer in a targeted manner, antagonize harmful bacteria, and enhance the ability of plants to resist disease and stressAttention should be paid to the selection period and depth of weeding in the field to avoid damage to the root of PseudostellariaeAfter the rain, attention should be paid to timely drainage of ditches;During the growth period, the disease plants with serious disease should be immediately removed or burned, and the disease holes should be disinfected.
Biological control: Reference"Skullcap root rot"。
Scientific drug prevention and control: In the early stage of the disease, it can be treated immediately, and the plant inducer aqueous agent Shimalin (5 amino-oligosaccharide) can be used 800 times or 6% 24 epirupine oligosaccharide aqueous agent 1000 times + azoles (20% difenoconazole aqueous emulsion or 25% pentaconol wettable powder 1000 times), or 30% Ulmycolin aqueous solution 1000 times liquid to irrigate the rhizome. Other prevention and treatment methods and drug technology reference"Atractylodes root rot"。
3) Viral diseases.
Pathogens and symptoms: Mainly tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). When the disease is mild, the leaf veins become light and yellow, forming a flower and leaf with varying shades;In severe disease, the leaves are shrunken and mottled, and the leaf margins are curled. At the seedling stage, the disease is diseased, the plant is dwarfed, the terminal bud is necrotic, the leaves cannot expand, the root tuberous of the diseased plant becomes smaller, and the number of root tuberous decreases.
The virus is propagated by the poisonous pseudostellariae seed roots or transmitted by poisonous aphids, and some data say that leafhoppers, planthoppers, whiteflies and other stinging and sucking mouthparts insects can also transmit the virus. The onset time is generally from late February to early April, when the temperature reaches 15, the virus disease of Pseudostellariae begins to occur, and enters the peak period of the disease at 19 20 o'clock, and the onset is often aggravated by dry weather.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural prevention and control: select virus-free healthy ginseng, establish virus-free breeding fields, and use detoxified breeding seedlings;In accordance with the principle of formula and balanced fertilization, reasonable micro-fertilizer. Targeted cooperation with the promotion of the use of biological agents, biological organic fertilizer, antagonistic harmful bacteria, enhance plant disease resistance and stress resistance;During the growth period, the seriously diseased plants should be uprooted in time, buried deeply or burned;Carry out manual weeding in the planting field and its surroundings to eliminate weed hosts, and at the same time pay attention to avoid causing damage to the roots of Pseudostellaria pseudostellariae and causing virus infectionTimely control (including on surrounding crops) aphids, planthoppers and other vectors;Field work avoids the transfer of poison through sap between diseased and healthy plants.
Physical control: In the early stage of the occurrence of winged aphids, the yellow plate trapping was carried out on a large scale, and the commercial yellow plate of the market could be used, which was 30 40 pieces per mu.
Biological control: When the amount of aphids is small in the early stage, natural enemies such as ladybugs are protected and used for natural control. In the early stage of wingless aphids, use 05% matrine aqueous solution or 05% veratroline can be solved 1000 times liquid and other plant-derived insecticides, or 25% spinosad suspension 1500 times liquid spray control.
Scientific drug control: timely control of poison-spreading vector aphids, preferentially use 1000 times of 5% lice mite urea emulsifiable concentrate, or 1500 times of 10 pyridyl ether emulsifiable concentrate, etc., to protect natural enemy resources and media insects to the greatest extent. Other agents can be sprayed with 10 difendimidan soluble powder 2000 times liquid, and on this basis, it is expected to actively prevent viral diseases before the onset of the disease. It can be sprayed with 1000 times of 30% phosphine wettable powder, or 800 times of 2% pyripeptidomycin aqueous solution, and the pesticide is applied once every 7 days depending on the condition, and it is generally treated 3 times in a row. Prevention and treatment methods and drug technology reference"Banxia virus disease"。
How to control the insect pest of Pseudostellaria pseudostellaria?
The pests of Pseudostellaria pseudostellariae are mainly underground pests such as shrimp wax, ground tiger, mole station and needleworm, and the following measures are mostly used in green production, control and disaster reduction of vegetables, melons and fruits, tea, etc.
1) It is harmful to bite young seedlings or rhizomes, resulting in uneven emergence of seedlings and plant death. Biting on the tubers results in reduced yield and quality, and it is susceptible to pathogens. Generally, the damage is most serious when the tuber root swells and the aboveground part is about to wither.
2) Prevention and control methods.
Grubs: prevention and control methods and drug technology reference"Ground elm grub"。
Ground tiger: prevention and control methods and drug technology reference"Ground elm tiger"。
Mole crickets: prevention and control methods and drug technology reference"Wheat mole cricket"。
Needleworm: prevention and control methods and drug technology reference"Needleworm peony"。
How to harvest Prince's ginseng?
From the summer solstice to the summer heat, the roots have grown when the plants wither and fall into seedlings, and should be harvested in time. Harvested too early or too late, the tubers have less silt, low drying rate, and poor quality;Delayed harvesting is often caused by excessive rainfall. The excavation depth is generally about 13cm, and it is carefully harvested in order of rows.
How many processing methods are there for prince ginseng?
There are two methods of hot drying and natural drying.
1) Blanching and drying Put the dug fresh ginseng in a well-ventilated house and dry it for 1 2 days, so that the roots lose water and become soft, wash it with water and put it into a basket, put it in a pot of boiling water after a little drainage, soak it for 1 3 minutes, and then spread it on the reed mat and expose it to the sun until it is crisp. After drying, put the ginseng root into a basket, shake it gently, and hit the ginseng whiskers, which is a commodity. The ginseng processed in this way is called hot ginseng, the ginseng surface is bright, the color is good, it is light yellowish white, and the texture is soft.
2) Natural drying Choose sunny and windy weather, wash the harvested fresh ginseng with water, spread it thinly on the bamboo curtain (not directly spread on the cement floor), pay attention to turning it in time to ensure that it is evenly dried. The air humidity at night after autumn is high, so pay attention to putting away the prince ginseng and cover it well to prevent moisture return. When the radix is dried to six or seven percent, rub off the fibrous roots, and at the same time remove the sand, other plant roots and non-medicinal parts, and remove the rotten and damaged parts of the roots. The rejected impurities should be treated and destroyed in a centralized manner to prevent re-infection. When the prince ginseng is dried to the dry feet (moisture content 9% 13%), it is packaged, called raw dried ginseng, the ginseng body is yellowish-white, the luster is hot and uneven, the quality is slightly hard, and the section is white and powdery.