1. The Xiongtu of separating Liaodong.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial court was declining, and the princes of the Eighteen Roads rose one after another, and the situation was turbulent. After Dong Zhuo usurped the power of the imperial court, the heroes competed for the Central Plains, forming historical battles such as the Battle of Chibi, the Battle of Hanzhong, and the Battle of Yiling. However, in addition to the triumvirate of Wei, Shu and Wu, there was also a little-known separatist force, namely the Gongsun clan in Liaodong.
Specifically, the founder of the Gongsun clan in Liaodong was Gongsun Du. His father, Gongsun Yan, fled to Xuansu County to escape the pursuit of the county officials, and Gongsun Du later became the county official. When Gongsun Du was a teenager, Xuansu Taishou Gongsun Chen took a fancy to him and provided him with the opportunity to learn Xi, and even married a wife for him. In the second year of Jianning (169), the imperial court issued an edict to elect a man of the Tao, so Gongsun Du was able to serve as Shang Shulang, and was later promoted to the assassin of Jizhou.
Second, the expansion of Liaodong's territory.
In the first year of Chuping (190), the Kwantung princes jointly crusaded against Dong Zhuo and chased the Central Plains. At this time of chaos, Gongsun Du took the opportunity to establish himself as the Marquis of Liaodong and the pastor of Pingzhou. Unlike the wars in the Central Plains, Liaodong was relatively far away, and the princes such as Yuan Shao, Cao Cao, and Lü Bu were more focused on the battles in the Central Plains, allowing Gongsun Du to occupy the Liaodong region in peace. He not only expanded his territory, but also recruited talents, set up museums and schools, and recruited displaced people, laying the foundation for the long-term secession of the Gongsun clan in Liaodong.
3. Peaceful time in Liaodong.
Thanks to Gongsun Du's enterprising and good governance, the Liaodong region was almost unaffected by the war, and the people enjoyed relative tranquility during the Three Kingdoms period. Gongsun Du divided Liaodong County into two counties, Western Liao and Central Liao, set up Taishou, and crossed the sea to collect Donglai counties, and set up Yingzhou Thorn History. He proclaimed himself the Marquis of Liaodong and the Pastor of Pingzhou, and posthumously named his father, Gongsun Yan, as the Marquis of Jianyi. Even when traveling, he used the emperor's special luan chauff and was named the Yulin Army, showing that he did not take the Eastern Han court seriously.
In 204 AD, Gongsun Du died of illness and was succeeded by his son Gongsun Kang. In 207 AD, when Cao Cao swept away the remnants of Yuan Shao's group, although Gongsun Kang did not directly send troops, he killed the brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi who came to defect, winning Cao Cao's praise. Cao Cao conferred the rank of general on Gongsun Kangzuo and incorporated the Liaodong region into the territory of Wei.
Fourth, the transformation of the Gongsun clan.
After the death of Gongsun Kang, he was succeeded by his younger brother Gongsun Gong, but in 228 AD, Gongsun Kang's son Gongsun Yuan seized the sovereignty of Liaodong. During the reign of Gongsun Yuan, he was named General Yanglie and Taishou of Liaodong by Emperor Cao Rong of Wei Ming. However, he was left and right, and even tried to establish contact with Soochow. In the seventh year of Taihe (233), Gongsun Yuan sent an envoy to contact Sun Quan, but he killed the Wu envoy due to selfish desires and seized the property of Eastern Wu, which caused the joy of Emperor Wei Ming.
5. The end of the secession of Liaodong.
However, in 237 AD, Gongsun Yuan betrayed Cao Wei and established himself as the king of Yan. Cao Rong sent Sima Yi to lead an army to conquer, and in 238 AD, Sima Yi led an army of 40,000 to Liaodong. Facing the experienced Sima Yi, the forward sent by Gongsun Yuan was quickly defeated and finally surrounded by Sima Yi. Gongsun Yuan and his son Gongsun Xiu tried to break through the siege, but they were defeated under the encirclement and suppression of Sima Yi, ending the nearly 50-year history of Gongsun clan's secession of Liaodong.
Conclusion: The glory and fall of the Gongsun clan.
In the turbulent times at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Gongsun clan of Liaodong existed as a separatist party, and after several generations of efforts and changes, it finally bid farewell to the historical stage under the conquest of the Wei State. Although their glory has been annihilated by time, they are one of the few separatist forces in the Three Kingdoms period, which is worthy of our traceability and reflection in the long river of history.
This article details the rise and fall of the Liaodong Gongsun clan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, showing the tortuous fate of this relatively forgotten separatist force in the long river of history. The rise of the Gongsun clan in the troubled times, as well as their governance and territorial expansion in the eastern Liaodong region, indeed brought a period of relative peace to the people at that time.
First of all, the author gives a detailed account of the historical background and reasons for the rise of the Gongsun clan, so that readers can clearly understand this relatively unique power during the Three Kingdoms period. The creation of Gongsun Du and the succession of Gongsun Kang and Gongsun Yuan formed a ruling system that was passed down from generation to generation, and its governance measures in Liaodong also showed considerable political wisdom.
Secondly, the article emphasizes the relatively calm situation in eastern Liaoning. The Gongsun clan's enterprising and painstaking management made the area almost unaffected by the war, and the people enjoyed tranquility. This relatively tranquil situation, in stark contrast to the frequent wars in the Central Plains, highlights the relative success of the Gongsun clan in governance.
However, as mentioned in the article, Gongsun Yuan's instability eventually led to the fall of the Gongsun clan. In the face of the Wei conquest, Gongsun Yuan's power and strategy were obviously inferior to Sima Yi's military wisdom, and finally ended in failure. This ending echoes the description at the beginning of the article, emphasizing the impermanence of history and the fragility of separatist forces.
In commenting on this article, it can be affirmed that the author has conducted in-depth research in historical records and narratives, and the detailed information and vivid descriptions allow readers to better understand the historical position of the Gongsun clan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. At the same time, the comments on the efforts and achievements of the Gongsun clan in governance also express an objective evaluation of historical figures.
Overall, this article brings readers into the historical picture of the Gongsun clan of Liaodong in the late Eastern Han Dynasty through detailed historical materials and vivid descriptions. Such an in-depth study of a relatively forgotten separatist force can not only arouse readers' curiosity about history, but also vividly and deeply restore the changes of that era.
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