How to keep this title in the Ming and Qing dynasties?
At the time of the imperial tour, Xiucai's first official name was"Holy talent"。Many people like to compare Xiucai, Juren, and Jinshi with today's academic qualifications, thinking that Xiucai is similar to college students, but in fact, the difference between today's college students and Qing Dynasty Xiucai is very obvious.
in Chinese characters"one"radical (Kangxi radical 1).
Taking the Qing Dynasty as an example, archives were divided into quotas, quotas according to literary talents, and quotas according to the number of people, and were mainly divided into three areas: large, medium and small. Generally speaking, the quota of the region is in the top 20, the quota of the central district is 16 to 17, and the quota of the district is 6 to 7. In the case of counties and provinces, the quota on this basis is only slightly more than a dozen.
In this case, it is still very difficult to get into Xiucai, although there were not many scholars in the Qing Dynasty, but at least it is as difficult as high school students are now admitted to 211 universities.
Compared with the current situation where many universities increase their enrollment quota at the first opportunity, the quota of Xiucai has not changed for more than 500 years from the early years of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. After all, if it was so easy to get a show in the feudal farming era, then who else would go farming?
According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, after Xiucai was admitted to Xiucai, he had to study in the local state to prepare for the county examination in the second year. Official credits are divided into county schools, state schools, and government schools, and only those who pass the college examination can enter the government school, which can be understood as first-year students. If Lao Xiucai did not pass the college examination, he could not stay in the county school.
The student title is not permanent and can be revoked by the court at any time. When entering a public school, the student status is combined with the student's student status, and then an examination is held, and those who pass are awarded the title of student, and those who fail are awarded the title of student in the same way as those who have improved their grades, and those who fail remain students.
Generally speaking, Baojia belongs to the low level, the promotion of the armor belongs to the intermediate level, and the sheng belongs to the high level. After becoming a widow, you can eat imperial grain. The standard of the Qing Dynasty was that the student could receive four taels of silver every year, that is, the money to buy steamed buns.
However, the biggest advantage of the student is that he can get a certain amount of gray income, because according to the regulations, every child (an academician who has passed the provincial examination and is willing to take the Xiucai exam) must find a student as a guarantor before taking the college examination, so that the student can get an annual fee much higher than the standard of 4 taels of silver.
Two. After enrolling, the most difficult exams to pass are:"Annual exams"with"Temple Examination"The results of these two exams determine the fate of students.
After each provincial examination, the teachers of each province have to resign and return to Beijing as usual, and the imperial court will select new teachers again. Traditionally, first-year students travel to the provinces to take exams and see if the old schools accept Xiucai. This kind of exam is called"Will try"。
As the name suggests,"Scientific expeditions"It is a qualification examination before the provincial examination. Due to the large number of students in the province, both those who were selected and those who failed the list, if all students were allowed to take the provincial examination, the Gongyuan in the provincial capital would simply not be able to accommodate them. Therefore, the school administration wants to organize the exams in such a way that students with excellent grades can take the provincial exams.
Since the Qianlong period, the content of the annual examination and the palace examination has been adapted, usually a passage from the "Four Books", a passage from the "Book of Songs" and a poem with five words and eight rhymes, and sometimes the "Holy Order" of Guangxu will be repeated.
The age test results are divided into six grades: 1 for very fluent in literature and science, 2 for moderate, 3 for difficulty, 4 or 5 for dissatisfaction, and 6 for dissatisfaction.
To be eligible for the State Bursary, which is worth four ingots of silver per year, a student must be at least a third-year student;If you are a fourth-year student, you must cancel the bursary;If you are a fifth-grader, you are not eligible;What if it's a 6th grader?Obviously, the student's qualifications cannot be defended.
If an annual exam is held, the student's grades are reviewed and the results of the review are used to decide whether the student can sit for the provincial exam. According to the regulations, students who get a fifth or sixth place in the annual exam are not allowed to sit for the provincial exam, which means they are disqualified from taking the exam.
In the Qing Dynasty, the annual examination and imperial examination system were strictly enforced, so every time the annual examination was held, the talents must have been very nervous. Some of them are already in their fifties and sixties, and in order to protect their organizations, they have to avoid taking the annual examination with young people, and the pressure they are under is unimaginable.
Three surname letters. In both examinations, there were cases where student party members were unable to take the examination due to illness or special reasons, and the imperial court also had a corresponding system. In exceptional circumstances, student party members may not take the exam for the current year, but must make up for it in the following year. However, if you fail three consecutive exams, you will be deprived of your student status.
There are only two exceptions, and they can remain in school in perpetuity without having to take an annual exam. The first exception is if you have been registered for more than 30 years, and the second exception is if you are at least 70 years old or have a serious illness.
The results of the two examinations have not yet been determined, but according to the regulations of the Ministry of Rites, the province that ranks first in the test paper must be submitted to the Ministry of Rites for review on the same basis, and this process is called"Grinding"。If in the process of grinding, it is found that there are problems in some test papers, such as not avoiding questions, plagiarism, mistakes, etc., not only the students will be held responsible, but the school administrators will also be punished accordingly.
So, before each grinding class, the school leaders also resent the test papers to the students, changed them, moistened them, and then rewrote them in the middle of the colorful words, anyway, hello everyone, hello everyone, hello everyone.
It can be said that the Xiucai of the Qing Dynasty has reached the age of studying, unlike the current civil servants, teachers and other units, who are determined for life after one examination. In general, the gold content of Xiucai is still very high, and it is by no means comparable to ordinary college students.