Cover News Reporter Li Yuxin Liu Kexin Gansu Photo Report.
In the spring of the sixth year, Yang Sheng took eyebrows from Xiegu Road, making Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi suspicious soldiers, and according to Keigu, Wei General Cao Zhen rejected them. Liang led the army to attack Qishan, Rong Chen was neat, rewarded and punished Su and ordered Changming, Nan'an, Tianshui, Yong'an three counties rebelled against Wei Yingliang, and Guanzhong resounded ......"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Zhuge Liang Biography".
In the sixth year of the establishment of the Shu Han Dynasty, when the horse's hooves stepped on the dust, the armor collided and made a heavy and piercing metal sound, and the smoke of gunpowder was everywhere, permeating the continuous peaks of Qishan. Shu Prime Minister Zhuge Liang, who "did his best all his life and died", his first Northern Expedition was launched through here. But unfortunately, although the situation in the Northern Expedition was very good, "Guanzhong resounded", but soon after, Zhuge Liang lost the street pavilion due to the misuse of Ma Tan, leaving the eternal regret of slashing Ma Jian with tears.
It is located in Qishan Fort in Lixian County.
After thousands of years of ups and downs, the sword and blood shadow of the Three Kingdoms period are nowhere to be found. Today, the Wuhou Temple stands quietly in the pine and cypress of Qishan Fort. Dengbao overlooks, the Qishan Mountain Range, which runs for dozens of kilometers, also seems to be silently telling the changes on the Qishan Ancient Road, and the difficulties and sorrows of countless migrants passing through here.
Qishan Road, one of the roads through which Zhuge Liang sent troops to the Northern Expedition in the history books, has been a traffic artery connecting Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu since ancient times. As an important relic of Shu Road, Qishan Road is famous in the world for Zhuge Liang's "Six Out of Qi Mountain" that has been passed down in later generations. On this ancient and long road, it is also the earliest birthplace of the Qin people, and it has also printed the long footprints of Du Fu from Long to Shu, witnessed the wolf smoke of the Song-Jin War, and left the bloody anti-gold record of the famous general Wu Yu and Wu Lan of the Southern Song Dynasty, and it is closely related to ......the rise and fall of the North-South Silk Road and the tea and horse market
Now, the cover news "Finding the Way of Shu Dao" large-scale humanities interview activity has entered Qishan Road, and the countless legendary stories and thick culture left by this ancient road in the history of this ancient road are slowly told.
The wonder of the world.
A thousand-year-old passage named after Mount Qi.
The site of the ancient battlefield of the Three Kingdoms in Qishan.
Longnan City, located at the junction of Gansu, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces, is the throat of the northwest into the southwest. It is located in the southernmost part of Gansu, and is also known as "Longshang Jiangnan". When the cover news reporter stepped on this land, the moist air and lush vegetation invaded the senses, and unlike the imaginary northwest realm, the climate here is not much different from Chengdu, the land of abundance. Walking to Lixian County, Longnan City, an undulating mountain range comes into view, and the height is scattered and dozens of miles away.
This mountain is Qi Mountain, the place where Wei and Shu must fight for during the Three Kingdoms.
Shu Road has a long history, as early as the prehistoric era has sprouted, as the ancient Sichuan road to all directions, is the earliest human preserved large-scale traffic relics. For a long time, when it comes to Shu Road, people think of a series of "Sichuan-Shaanxi-Shu Road" that connects Guanzhong and the Chengdu Plain. From the historical records, you can also get a glimpse of a road from Gansu to Sichuan, which is called the "Longshu Ancient Road" by local scholars. Among them, the Qishan Road, which is famous for its "six out of Qishan", is considered to be the main road of this ancient road.
The name of Qishan Road should be directly related to Qishan. Standing on the abrupt peak of Qishan Mountain, Pu Xiangming, executive director of the Gansu Ancient Literature Society and professor of the School of Literature and Media of Longnan Normal College, slowly talked about the historical origin of Qishan Road.
The ancient book "Opening Mountain" contains: "There is Qi Mountain in the southwest of Hanyang, the path is long, the mountain is high and the rock is dangerous, the name of Kyushu is blocked, the world is strange, and now this mountain is in the middle of the people, and it is not a masterpiece!.""This mountain range, which stretches from Dabaozi Mountain in the west to Yanguan Town in Lixian County in the east, is not only the watershed between the Western Han River and Weishui, but also the watershed between the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Gu Zuyu of the Qing Dynasty wrote in the "Minutes of Reading History and Public Opinion": "Qishan has been the right placket of Longlong since the past. It directly points out the main place where Qishan is located.
Qishan Road is named after Qishan, but what is interesting is that in the historical records of various dynasties that have been handed down to the present, there are many descriptions of Qishan, but there is no exact record of this famous "Qishan Road" in later generations. How did this mountain range, which stretches for only a few tens of kilometers, become a thousand-year-old road that spans several places?Pu Xiangming said that according to the descriptions in the literature and the archaeological data unearthed, this road has been opened up at least in the pre-Qin period.
There is no clear record of 'Qishan Road' in ancient books, and it is basically conventional. In Pu Xiangming's view, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qishan Road has evolved into the Longshu ** channel. In "Shangshu Yu Gong", it is written that all parts of Liangzhou (southern Shaanxi south of the Qinling Mountains, Longnan Gansu, and Sichuan) exchanged through the Qishan Road, and the tributes from various places were transported to the Central Plains through the Jialing River and the Wei River.
Although there is no systematic record of the Qishan Road, the general outline of this road has been outlined in the research of current scholars. "From the current research point of view, the main line of Qishan Road should be from the current Tianshui City (formerly known as Qinzhou), through the route of Longnan City's Lixian-Xihe County-Chengxian-Hui County, and then from Jialing Town of Hui County to Luoyang County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, where it connects to Chencang Road, and then south to Mianxian County to Jinniu Road. ”
Pu Xiangming emphasized that in different historical periods, the location of Qishan Road will change depending on whether the road is smooth or not. In a broad sense, Qishan Road is more like a network of transportation routes, with more branches and directions. "In layman's terms, the Qishan Road is an ancient road that connects Tianshui and Hanzhong through Qishan in Lixian County, Longnan City. But it is undeniable that Qishan Road runs through a large area of Longnan in a north-south direction, and the radiation area is almost all over the current Longnan jurisdiction.
Qishan Road is named because it is related to Qishan. In the historical records, there is almost no exact record of the 'Qishan Road', and it should be named by later generations. In the elaboration of Li Yongxian, member of the Historical Geography Professional Committee of the Chinese Geographical Society and director of the Institute of Historical Geography of Sichuan University, from the perspective of going out of Sichuan and entering Longlong, the Qishan Road starts in Hanzhong, passes through Chengxian, Xihe, and Lixian, and reaches the end point of Tianshui, all the way by land and water. The waterway is based on the West Han River, and is connected with various land routes in Longnan through various ferries along the West Han River. "This road not only has the main line, but also has many branch lines, which can be connected with Yinping Road, and can also be connected with Chencang Road and Jinniu Road. ”
A military fortress.
During the Three Kingdoms, Wei and Shu fought for the place.
Du Xiaochuan, director of the Li County Cultural Relics Bureau.
Walk to the foot of Qi Mountain in Lixian County, in the flat and wide field that is more than 100 miles long from east to west, there is a dirt mountain that stands abruptly, dozens of zhang high, surrounded by Xu, such as cutting on all sides, high and straight. The Zhuge Fortress built on the mountain is on top of this towering earth mountain. According to the "Water Classic Note", "(Qishan) three miles south of the city there is a bright old base". Du Xiaochuan, director of the Lixian Cultural Relics Bureau, mentioned that around the Song Dynasty, the "Liang Ancient Base" may have been renamed "Qishan Fort". So, accompanied by scholars such as Du Xiaochuan and Pu Xiangming, the "Finding the Way of Shu Dao" interview team meandered up from a trail to the Wuhou Temple, which stood in the pine and cypress of Qishan Fort.
Standing on the Qishan Fort, seeing the water of the Western Han Dynasty rolling around the fort to the west, looking in the direction of Duxiaochuan's fingers, the ravines, the banks of the water, and the boulders as far as the eye can see, are all circulating the historical legends of the Three Kingdoms period. Du Xiaochuan introduced that on the south bank of the West Han River, 1 mile southeast of Qishan Fort, there is a "circle horse ditch" for the Shu army to raise horses;There is a huge stone on the riverbed of the West Han Dynasty in the west 3 miles away, and people call it "the prime minister's horse stone". "Qishan, Qishan Fort and the above war sites, vertically and horizontally distributed in the upper reaches of the Western Han River Basin about 120 miles from east to west, and 70 miles from north to south, together constitute the ancient battlefield of Qishan. ”
Pu Xiangming, executive director of the Gansu Ancient Literature Society and professor of the School of Literature and Media of Longnan Normal College.
Qishan has a wide range of historical and cultural influences, mainly because of the successful fiction and depiction of 'Six Out of Qishan' in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". But Pu Xiangming said that according to historical records, Zhuge Liang went north to attack Wei only five times, and only the first and fourth times to Qishan. Therefore, "six out of Qishan" is not a fact. "The first time he went out of Qishan was in the sixth year of Jianxing (228), and the well-known story of 'Lost Street Pavilion' occurred. ”
According to the record in "Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Zhuge Liang", "He violated the Liang Festival and acted inappropriately, which was greatly broken by Zhang He." More than 1,000 families in Liangbaxi County returned to Hanzhong, and they killed to thank the public." The first time he sent troops to Qishan, it was a good situation to win, Zhuge Liang successively captured the three cities of Tianshui, Nan'an, and Anding, so that "Guanzhong was shaken, and the government and the opposition were afraid". But subsequently, Zhuge Liang caused the good situation to be shattered due to the misuse of Ma Tan, and the first battle of the Northern Expedition was lost, leaving behind the eternal regret of slashing Ma Jian with tears. And by the time he sent troops to Qishan again, it was already the ninth year of Jianxing (231). "In the ninth year, Liang returned to Qishan, transported it with wooden oxen, retired from the army after running out of grain, fought with the Wei general Zhang He, and shot He. ”
Pu Xiangming said that when Zhuge Liang fought Qishan again, at this time Shu was the queen Liu Chan was in power, and the controversy between the DPRK and China over the Northern Expedition was everywhere, thinking that the people were working and losing money, so there was a problem in the first grain and grass. "During this Northern Expedition, the story of 'Lucheng cutting wheat' was left in today's Yanguan Town, that is, Lucheng during the Three Kingdoms period. When the supply of grain and grass was insufficient, Zhuge Liang used soldiers to harvest wheat for military rations. It was also found that it was too difficult for soldiers to carry camels on their shoulders, so Zhuge Liang invented the 'wooden ox flowing horse' to transport supplies. ”
However, this time the Northern Expedition still ended in failure, and soon after, the grain and grass of Shu were poor, and Zhuge Liang returned with his troops. In this expedition to Qishan, Zhuge Liang shot and killed Zhang He, a famous general of Wei, in Mumendao, who has always been Zhuge Liang's fierce opponent in the Northern Expedition, and also settled one of his thoughts. "Mumen Road is a small canyon located in the north of Yanguan and now belongs to Peony Town, Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, and belongs to a section of Qishan Road. Pu Xiangming explained. Nowadays, there is Mumen Village next to Mumen Valley, surrounded by monumental buildings such as Wuhou Temple, Zhang He's tomb and Zhang Heping and other villages, which has become a local tourist attraction. "Qishan Road extends to Tianshui through this. ”
In the fertile wilderness, the Jin Ge Iron Horse of the Three Kingdoms period has long been in the smoke and dust of history. You can walk into the Gansu Qin Culture Museum located in Lixian County, and among the cultural relics on display, the marching iron pot and the military Sima seal from the Three Kingdoms period will witness and preserve the legendary story. After the Three Kingdoms, the Southern Song Dynasty Qin Feng Lu slightly pacified Wu Lan to raise troops out of Qishan to resist Jin, Jin general Yang Woyan captured Qishan Fort in Hezhou in the Song Dynasty, and the Zhenwu general Funile Jing in the early Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty defeated Wu Sangui's nephew Wu Zhimao's army in Qishan Fort ......These major military events all revolved around Qishan and Qishan Fort. It can be seen that on this ancient road, there are frequent wars in troubled times, and bloody battles with generations of famous generals.
Qishan Wuhou Temple.
Four peaks are clustered, two water rings, the east is Guanshan Xiongzhi, the west is five cool upstream, cover the main road of Qinshu and Shu, and the Central Plains is also ......In today's Qishan Fort Wuhou Temple, there is a stele of "Rebuilding Qishan Wuhou Temple and Enshrined Tianji" set up by He Chengdu, the Shaanxi and Gansu Inspectors of the Qing Dynasty in the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653). "It accurately explains the geographical and strategic location of Qishan as a military transportation chokepoint. Du Xiaochuan said.
A bridge of cultures.
Witness Du Fu's fantasy drifting from Long to Shu.
Galloping all the way from the highway, passing through countless tunnels, and coming to the upper reaches of the Western Han River, you can meet an ancient town located in Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, Tianshui Town, also known as "Little Tianshui" by the locals. In the square of the town, a huge Hanbai stone engraved with "Tianshui Pass" and a huge statue of Jiang Wei not far away are carved in the square**, which is particularly eye-catching.
View of Chedang Gorge from a distance.
At this time, walk up to Miaoping Village, which is built by the mountain, condescendingly look into the distance, between the towering mountains, a winding river flows through it, and the gorge cliff stands and the empty valley line forms a strange and secluded canyon. This is Tietangxia, according to legend, Zhuge Liang once subdued Jiang Wei here, so the story of "Zhuge Liang receiving Jiang Wei" has been circulating in the local area. But in Du Xiaochuan's description, Tietangxia's fame is attributed to a Tang Dynasty poet who had close ties with both Shu and Longdi - Du Fu, the "poet saint".
In October of the second year of the reign of Emperor Zongqian of Tang Su (759), in the early winter when everything was about to be bleak, the war-torn poet Du Fu set out from Qinzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu), passed through Tonggu (now Chengxian County, Gansu), and traveled to Chengdu, the land of abundance. During this trip, Du Fu wrote two sets of poems according to the route, a total of 24 poems. These two groups of poems are divided into two routes: the first route is from Qinzhou to Tonggu, a total of 12 poems;The second section of the route is from Tonggu to Chengdu, which is also twelve. According to the research of later generations of researchers, Du Fu entered Shu from Long through Qishan Road, and these poems are also the most authentic field investigation and complete record of Shu Road.
We call Du Fu's poems 'poetry history', and poetry is history. Among the twenty-four poems written by Du Fu, especially the first twelve, they can be regarded as the most influential literary works that write about Qishan Dao. Pu Xiangming said.
What kind of scene will Du Fu's Qishan Road look like?"Fa Qinzhou", written when he set off from Tianshui, recorded the helpless scene of leaving Qinzhou with his family in order to seek food and clothing;When passing through the Tietang Gorge, the ice is cold to the bone, and the sentence "The water is cold and the ice is crossing, and my horse bones are folding" shows that the journey is not easy;Then he went to Lucheng (Yanjing Town, now Li County), witnessed the hard work of the salt workers, and wrote the poem "Yanjing" about the government's exploitation of the people;Then he went to Xihe County to write a poem "Fajing Temple", and when he saw the ancient temple on the cliff, he couldn't help but feel some sadness ...... in his heartOn the long and ancient Qishan Road, Du Fu walked and wrote all the way, pouring his past mood into the tip of his pen.
Looking back at these poems written by Du Fu now, although there are descriptions of beautiful scenery, most of them express the inner distress and the ruggedness of the road. Pu Xiangming said. Although the road is difficult and difficult to navigate, Du Xiaochuan said that in the poems left by Du Fu, it can be shown that this road, which was called the "Qishan Road" by later generations, was still smooth and feasible in the Tang Dynasty.
However, after crossing the difficulties and dangers of the Qishan Road, Du Fu will encounter another scenery in his life and come to the best time of his life.
A gateway to commerce.
After the rise and fall of the Ancient Tea Horse Road.
The Yanjing Temple in Yanguan Town, Lixian County.
In the early winter, when I came to Yanguan Town, Lixian County, which Du Fu described, the warm sun shone on the quiet ancient street, as if there were no traces of time. Walking along the antique buildings, the long streets are paved with bluestone slabs, the houses on both sides are antique, and on the plaque of one of the buildings, "Zheng Ji Mule and Horse Shop" is engraved on it, witnessing the busy tea and horse ** here.
Since ancient times, Qishan Road is a military fortress, cultural passage, when the time and space of history came to the Song and Ming dynasties, this road was given a new mission and name, that is-the Ancient Tea Horse Road. "Due to military reasons, from the Song Dynasty to the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the silk ** on the Qishan Ancient Road declined, and the tea horse ** flourished. Pu Xiangming introduced.
In the impression of ordinary people, the Ancient Tea Horse Road is a huge transportation network composed of three avenues, Sichuan-Tibet Road, Yunnan-Tibet Road and Qinghai-Tibet Road (Ganqing Road), supplemented by numerous branch lines and auxiliary lines. Most of the lines are located in Qishan Road in Longnan City, Gansu Province, what does it have to do with this road?Walking to Hui County, Longnan, walking in the Qingniling that Li Bai sighed in "Shu Road Difficulty", "Qingni He Panpan, 100 steps and nine folds lingering rocks", Wang Yi, director of the Hui County Teaching and Research Office and executive vice president of the Longshu Culture Research Association, talked about the history of this ancient tea horse road.
Wang Yi, director of the Hui County Teaching and Research Office and executive vice president of the Longshu Culture Research Association.
Hui County, a prosperous small city located at the junction of Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan provinces, is located in Qingniling, which is not only the barrier between Chencang Road and Shu in history, but also the hub connecting the Qishan Ancient Road. Walking through the mountains, you can also find more about the remains of the Ancient Tea Horse Road. According to historical records, in the seventeenth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, Shen Yue, who supervised the imperial history, served as the imperial history of Shaanxi Province, and ordered the construction of a tea inspection institute in Huozhuanyu, Hui County, as a place for the inspection of the imperial history stationed in the office. It can be seen that the important geographical location of this place on the Ancient Tea Horse Road.
Why did this ancient road usher in the prosperity of tea horses in the Song and Ming dynasties?This is because in the Song Dynasty, the main object of the Song Dynasty at that time was the north, and it would definitely not buy horses from the north casually. Wang ** explained, so the horses of the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty were almost transported from the southwest. "At that time, the horses traded were mainly in the Gannan area. ”
How did the tea horse ** happen?In Wang Yi's description, tea from Sichuan and other places was transported to Nanzheng County in Hanzhong for assembly, and the government was unified to collect, sort, and pack. "There will be special people to carry the tea on their backs, and the patrol tea inspection institute in Huozuanyu, Huixian County, is a special management agency for this way, and then go to Tianshui to exchange it for horses. Wang Yi also emphasized that the Qishan Road, as an ancient tea horse road, is different from the traditional ancient tea horse road, because the exchange of goods is carried out on this road, not the use of goods for monetary transactions. "There is a clear record in the "Song Hui Manuscript" that there are very detailed and clear regulations on what kind of horse and how many catties of tea to exchange. ”
Pu Xiangming also added that from Baimaguan (now Yuntai Town, Kang County) to Xingzhou (now Luoyang County, Shaanxi) in the southern section of the Qishan Ancient Road, there have been records of Longshu tea and horse trading and military defense since the Tang and Song dynasties, and the Ming Dynasty "Chayuan Mingwen" notice tablet unearthed in Wangguan Town, Kang County in 2009 reflects the grand occasion of the freight corridor of the Qishan Ancient Road from Longshan to Shu and the accompanying cultural exchanges.
At the same time, in 2017, four new cliff stone carvings related to the Longnan Tea Horse Road were discovered in Huixian County, two of which were identified as Ming Dynasty stone carvings, adding new evidence to the Tea Horse Road in Longnan. But it is a pity that after the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, as the tea horse city began to decline, the historical status of the Qishan Ancient Road gradually declined, so that it was submerged in the vast historical sites and was not taken seriously for a long time.
Rammed earth in front of Qishan Fort.
The Jin Ge Iron Horse during the Three Kingdoms period, Du Fu walked and sang when he was displaced, the silver bells rang when the horse team walked through in the Song Dynasty, and the busy scene of inspecting the tea yard and counting the tea leaves ......When the years passed, these pictures that had flashed in history were finally annihilated in the breeze passing through the Tietang Gorge, dissipating in the sky above the erect cypress of Qishan Fort, and hiding in the steep iron mountain of Qingniling. But when the past is recalled, in the story of "Zhuge Liang Collecting Jiang Wei" that has been handed down from Tianshui Town, from the plaque of "Luoma City" in Yanguan Town, and from the "Zhuge " banner fluttering in Qishan Fort, you can still see the thrilling historical moments that happened on this road.
In the past few days of walking on Qishan Road, the cover news reporter set off from Tianshui Town and traveled to Li County, Cheng County, Xihe County, and all the way to Hui County. Standing on the steep Qingniling in Huixian County, the reporter asked Pu Xiangming that if this ancient road had not been smoothed, would the legends and stories of the Three Kingdoms period have lost a little brilliance?Pu Xiangming was noncommittal, because "history does not allow assumptions."
Of course, as an interesting topic we come to**. If there is no Qishan Road, this road has not been smooth, then the difficulty from the northwest to the southwest is far beyond people's imagination. In that case, the development of the nation, economic prosperity, and social progress may be greatly reduced. ”