From the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties to the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the basic political form of more than 4,000 years of Chinese history is the family world. That is, a specific family family obtains political power through specific means, and as the supreme ruler, it operates and controls the political, economic and cultural affairs of the entire society. The change of dynasty is the change of village and sitting in the village of different families.
The family family built according to the patriarchal system has huge human, material, and financial resources, and is not only the basic social production and living unit, but also the basic social and economic force and political force. Therefore, the rulers of the dynasty were very worried and sensitive to the development and expansion of the family, and hated and feared the arrogance and disloyalty of the family, and often adopted cruel and bloody methods to eliminate them. The most common way is to exterminate the race. From the "three tribes" to the "five tribes", "the seven tribes", "the nine tribes", and the "ten tribes". In the final analysis, there is one goal, to keep one's position and eliminate potential opponents.
Extermination is the bloodiest punishment, the most unreasonable punishment in accordance with the spirit of the law, and the most unreasonable punishment. If one person breaks the law, his family and relatives will be unlucky, and he will not be reasonable, there is no need to be reasonable, and there is no place to be reasonable. Unlucky, just die.
How to kill people in extermination, each dynasty has different algorithms, and the scope of personnel is also different. We will discuss how the "Zhujiu Clan" killed women for your reference.
It should be clear that homicide is a punishment, and the punishment should be based on the law and should be included in the trial procedure. The "Zhu Jiu Clan" in our minds is greatly influenced by literary and artistic works such as the history of the script and miscellaneous dramas, and from the perspective of legal texts, the real "Zhu Jiu Clan" in history is limited to the members of the father's sect, and it is particular about killing women, let's discuss it.
1. Pre-Qin period.
The "extermination" of this period was very cruel and large-scale. The "Shang Yang Transformation Law" has the "Yi Three Tribes" method, and Shang Ying himself was finally "Yi Three Tribes". Since there is no direct record, it is difficult to specify the scope of the killings of the "extermination". According to the analysis of later accounts, it is generally said that the extinction of the clan during this period included the entire family family, that is, all the family members who lived together, including the female dependents.
2. Qin and Han dynasties.
"Yi three tribes" is the Qin law, and the Han attacked the Qin system. Liu Bang asked Xiao He to do the criminal law, and there was an order for the "three tribes". In the year when Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, the prime minister, the captain, and the imperial historian discussed the punishment of "extermination", saying: "If the innocent parents and wives sit on the same property and receive it, I should not take it." "It means that if someone has sinned, but his parents and wife have not sinned, and they have been implicated, I don't think it is advisable. It shows that under the social conditions at that time, the supreme ruler had realized the disadvantages and inhumanity of "extermination". However, throughout the Han Dynasty, the situation of ethnic punishment has not fundamentally improved.
3. The period of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
During the Cao Wei period, the rulers began to reform the criminal law of "punishing the nine clans", and women were no longer subject to the multiple co-sittings of their parents and husbands. In this regard, the decree was specially amended: "An unmarried woman is guilty only of sitting in her parents' house, and after marriage, she is only guilty of sitting in her husband's house." During the Western Jin Dynasty, this criminal law was reformed again, stipulating that women would no longer be executed regardless of whether they were married or not, but would be taken away from their original status and reduced to slavery. By the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was only one name left for the "Zhujiu Clan".
That is to say, during the Cao Wei period, when he was punished according to the regulations of the "Nine Clans", he only had unmarried daughters, and married women were not among them. According to the regulations of the "Nine Clans", when he was punished, only his spouse and wife were punished, and his wife's family was not among them. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the "Zhujiu Clan" only killed men, not women. Don't kill women, no officials are slaves.
4. Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, there was no punishment for "extermination" in the law, and there were specific provisions for specific criminal activities. The Sui Dynasty's "Kaihuang Law" stipulated: "Those who plot rebellion will be beheaded by fathers, sons and brothers, and there will be no officials in the family." The Tang Dynasty's "Tang Law" further clearly stipulated: "Father and son over the age of 16 shall be executed together, and other relatives shall be exempted from the death penalty." In other words, only adult men over the age of 16 should be killed, and women and children were exempted from the death penalty.
The laws of the Song Dynasty were also relatively lenient, and the charges of rebellion basically did not involve too many people, and the transfer of power was relatively peaceful, and there were not too many bloody struggles. The Yuan Dynasty was relatively short, the legal system was imperfect, and the Mongols did not need a reason to kill people.
5. Ming and Qing dynasties.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "Nine Tribes" became strict again. The "Da Ming Law" stipulates that for those who "rebel", "their ancestors, fathers, sons, grandchildren, brothers, and cohabitants, regardless of surname, uncle, or brother's son, shall be beheaded all over the age of 16." The Qing Dynasty was even more cruel, and the Qing Dynasty law stipulated that all the crimes of "rebellion" and "great rebellion" were punished by Ling Chi, and the father, son, brother, and uncle and brother who lived together within three generations were beheaded. Minor boys under the age of 16 are to be emasculated and punished as official slaves, and their mothers, wives, sisters, concubines and other female dependents, regardless of their eldest or younger, are all punished as official slaves. ”
According to the law, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "Nine Clans" did not kill women.
The most famous Zhu Di killed Fang Xiaoru "Zhu Shi Clan", according to the "History of the Ming Dynasty" and the "Lizhai Xianlu" written by Song Duanyi, a contemporary of Fang Xiaoru, also only killed men, not women.
The core of the patriarchal system is the "patriarchal patriarchal system" and the "primogeniture inheritance system", that is, the development of the family continues to take the patrilineal blood as the inheritance line, and the eldest house as the inheritance carrier, emphasizing the inferiority of men and women, the inferiority of the elderly, and the inferiority of the elderly. Family relations are the core of the patriarchal system, and kinship relations are only auxiliary social relations. In other words, the person with the family surname is the person with the legal rights and interests, and the family of the spouse and the person with the surname who has been married are the relatives who are related to the auxiliary social relationship. According to the provisions of the patriarchal ritual system, people with foreign surnames marry into their own families and are dependents, that is, female dependents; A person with the surname marries from the family and is a female relative of a family with another surname, and is a guest to the family, that is, a female guest.
In ancient times, the extermination of the clan was a family unit, including female spouses before the Qin and Han dynasties, and female spouses were not included after the Wei and Jin dynasties. The women who have been married in the family are not among them.
Therefore, according to the interpretation of the "Great Dai Li Ji", the so-called "Zhujiu clan" includes the father's clan.
Fourth, the maternal family. 3. The second wife family, that is to say, the "Zhu Jiu clan" wants to kill the mother's family and the wife's family, as well as married aunts, sisters, daughters and other married female families, etc., may have existed before the Qin and Han dynasties, and never existed after the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Many of us have been fooled by some literary and artistic works, and always think that "Zhu Jiu Clan" includes relatives and relatives within the nine clans, regardless of men, women, old and young, girls and servants. In fact, in ancient society, the "Zhujiu Clan" did not kill women. Because under the conditions of classical society, women could not exist alone in society. Once a woman marries, she is a family member with a different surname, and has nothing to do with her father's family and her husband's family.