Zanthoxylum pepper 1. Selection and treatment of seeds.
Choosing good seeds is the key to ensuring the yield and quality of Zanthoxylum bungeanum pepper, and the mother tree with strong growth, no pests and diseases and Zanthoxylum bungeanum should be selected as the seed tree, and the seeds of Zanthoxylum zanthoxylum should be dried after being taken. The seed coat of Zanthoxylum pepper is relatively hard and rich in oil, and the seed treatment should be rubbed to remove the surface oil, which can be stirred by cow dung and soaked.
Among them, the cow dung stirring method is to stir the cow dung and pepper seeds evenly, the ratio of cow dung and pepper seeds is 4 1, and then evenly spread on the ground to dry, and the thickness is controlled to be less than 8cm, the purpose is to ensure that the seeds are evenly lighted. The soaking method refers to putting the seeds in a container filled with boiling water, and then constantly stirring the seeds in the water, when the water temperature drops to about 50, you can add laundry detergent, add 5ml of laundry detergent to 1k**, soak for 12h, and then repeat the operation, after completion, rinse the seeds with clean water and wash them repeatedly. In addition, you can also choose boiling water to promote germination, put the seeds in the pot with boiling water, stir with a stick, add cold water after 2min, let the water temperature in the pot drop to about 30, after 5 hours, change to clean cold water and soak for 24h, and then take out the seeds and put them in a warm and humid environment, spray water 2 3 times a day to ensure that the seeds are moist.
Second, land selection and land preparation.
The nursery should choose a fertile soil, sunny and warm and moist environment, try to choose an area with flat terrain or a relatively small slope, preferably choose a sandy loam soil with convenient drainage and irrigation, and stay away from the source of pollution.
Prepare the plot 15 days before sowing, evenly sprinkle the well-rotted organic fertilizer, and control the dosage of organic fertilizer. For deep ploughing treatment of the field, mechanical equipment can be selected for ploughing in conditional areas, and the depth is controlled at 30 35cm, so as to improve the porosity of the soil, enhance air permeability and water storage capacity.
3. Seedling cultivation.
Branching, sowing, cuttings, grafting, etc. are all commonly used Zanthoxylum bungeanum breeding techniques, in which the sowing and seedling raising operation is simple, the time required for seedling cultivation is short, and it is suitable for a wide range of Zanthoxylum bungeanum planting, but the probability of seedling mutation is relatively high, and the fruiting time is late. The grafting method can effectively avoid the problem of variation, maintain the variety advantages of Zanthoxylum bungeanum and achieve early results of Zanthoxylum bungeanum pepper, but there are still certain limitations in its application in actual production, and it has not been widely promoted. Cuttings are widely used, although it will consume a lot of manpower and material resources, but it can maintain the advantages of the mother tree, and at the same time the survival rate is high. The probability of variation in the dividing method is relatively low, but the lifespan is short.
Nursery plot selection.
The nursery land should be located close to the water source, convenient transportation, less pests and diseases leeward to the sun, good drainage, flat terrain plot or gentle slope land, choose deep soil, fertile soil, good air permeability sandy loam or loam soil. After selecting the seedling plot, it is necessary to plough the ground once, and apply 60000 67500kg hm2 of fully decomposed organic fertilizer and 300 450kg hm2 of superphosphate in combination with ploughing.
Sow. Usually harvested in July and September, the fruit is ripe and placed in a dry room, and when the peel is cracked, the seeds are removed, dried and stored. After the beginning of March of the following year, the seeds were soaked in 70 water for 12 hours, the waxy layer of the surface layer was cleaned with alkaline water and then cleaned with water, and the germination treatment was carried out with 20 wet sand. After mid-March, strip sowing began when the radicle of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds was exposed, and the row spacing was controlled at (3 5) cm (30 40) cm. The topping capacity of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds was weak, and the covering thickness was controlled at 2 3 cm.
Post-broadcast management. Spray 1 time after sowing with sufficient water, then cover with a layer of straw to prevent water evaporation and keep the soil moist. After the pepper seedlings are unearthed, choose a cloudy or sunny day to remove the cover grass in the evening. When the seedlings grow 2 or 3 true leaves, top dressing and raising seedlings, and then apply 1 thin seedling fertilizer every 30 days. 7 When the seedlings grow vigorously in August, top dressing 1% 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is applied twice, but young pepper seedlings should not be topdressed with ammonia or ammonium bicarbonate. Zanthoxylum pepper nursery should be weeded in time to facilitate the growth of seedlings, and at the same time, the seedlings that grow too weak, too dense, and have diseases and insects should be cut off to promote the growth of seedlings and improve the quality of seedlings.
Fourth, sowing technology.
Sowing can be done in spring or autumn every year, mainly using strip sowing, the depth of the sowing furrow should be controlled at 5cm, the amount of sowing should be controlled, the seed dosage is 120 150kg hm2, and the spacing of sowing should be controlled at about 25cm. After the sowing is completed, the soil should also be covered, and then watered steadily to ensure that the soil is moist. In the 15th day after sowing, the seeds began to emerge one after another, and the emergence of seedlings should be observed regularly, and the seedlings should be replenished in time after the lack of seedlings.
5. Planting technology.
Zanthoxylum pepper has a strong adaptability to the external environment, and can be planted in spring when budding or after autumn leaves. It should be noted that if transplanting in the rainy season is selected, it should be planted with the seedlings, and the plant row spacing can be controlled at 3m 2m and 4m 5m. If the soil layer is deep and the fertility is relatively high, the plant row spacing can be increased appropriately. If the fertility is relatively low, the row spacing can be appropriately reduced. Before planting, the stalk should be cut off and the leaves should be pruned, which can effectively control and reduce water evaporation and improve the survival rate of transplanting. Control the depth of the planting pit, preferably about 60cm, the topsoil layer backfill about 30cm, and then watering steadily, after the water completely penetrates, the seedlings should be put into the pit, and then backfill the deep soil, the seedlings are gently lifted up to ensure that the root system is stretched, and at the same time the soil is solid and watered, covering a layer of dry soil, the purpose is to avoid excessive evaporation of water. If the transplanting area is relatively arid, the root system of the seedlings should be protected in the process of planting, and the slurry treatment should be selected to improve the survival rate of the seedlings.
The scientific planting spacing can promote the vigorous growth of Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees, which is the key link to ensure the lighting effect, water absorption and sufficient nutrition of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings, and is the basic prerequisite for achieving high yield and harvest. The distance between the plants of Sichuan pepper is generally controlled at about 3 meters. Under the condition of fertile soil conditions, sufficient moisture, and good drainage effect, the plant spacing of Zanthoxylum bungeanum can be controlled at 25m 3about 5 meters; If the soil conditions are not good enough, the plant spacing can be adjusted to 3 meters to 4 meters.
6. Water and fertilizer management.
Zanthoxylum pepper trees are light-loving, drought-tolerant, not cold-tolerant, waterlogging-resistant, and not suitable for growing in depressions that are prone to water accumulation, so the garden site must be selected in the dry platform with good leeward and sunny drainage. However, in the dry season, we should also pay attention to the amount of water when watering, and properly irrigate the periphery of the roots to maintain normal growth. Fertilization should be mainly based on basal fertilizer in autumn, supplemented by top dressing in spring and autumn.
The root system of the pepper tree is more developed, and the demand for fertilizer is also relatively high. Generally, in spring and autumn, top dressing should be carried out once, and the amount of 667m2 fertilizer should be controlled at about 20kg.
Apply basal fertilizer in autumn. Generally at a distance of 1 from the trunk0～1.Dig a ring ditch at 5m for fertilization or use inter-row ditching for fertilization. The fertilization depth is 20 40cm, and the amount of fertilizer can be determined according to the age and strength of the tree. It can also be combined with weather conditions to try to apply fertilizer before rain or after fertilization.
Top dressing before germination.
In the case of no basal fertilizer application or insufficient amount of fertilizer in autumn, an appropriate amount of top dressing can be carried out once before germination.
Top dressing before flowering. Generally, in the bud formation stage, fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer or nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer is applied. In case of drought, it should be watered in a timely manner after fertilization to enhance the tree and ensure the existing flower quantity.
Foliar fertilizer was sprayed during the fruit expansion period.
Use 01%～0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed 2 3 times, and foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate + urea can also be sprayed.