Shuttle diplomacy during his visit to the Soviet Union
**During his visit to the Soviet Union, his diplomatic activities influenced new trends in the international communist movement and influenced the formulation of China's domestic policy. Among them, the three meetings with Gomulka played an important role in resolving the tensions between Poland and the Soviet Union after the Polish-Hungarian incident.
During the talks, ** persuaded Gomulka not to have too many scruples about Western countries and offered support to Khrushchev. Although at first the Polish delegation raised objections to the draft Moscow Declaration, under the persuasion of ***, the Polish delegation finally agreed to the draft and successfully adopted the Moscow Declaration at a meeting of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the Socialist States.
On November 4, 1957, ** Soong Qingling waited for the Kremlin to visit Bulganin. On 20 November, ** met with Gomulka for the third time before returning home.
The atmosphere of the meeting was rather relaxed. Ask Gomulka: "What do you guys think of this trip?" Do you feel wronged? He asked, "Do you feel that the Soviet comrades have made progress in their style of consultation and in their relations with the parties of various countries?"
Or do you think there is no progress? "We feel the progress. The two sides exchanged views on the Comintern and introduced the process of forming the leadership core of the Communist Party of China.
"We especially need your support," Gomulka said. * means: self-reliance is the mainstay, supplemented by foreign support. Although it is auxiliary, it is still necessary to support, which is not dependent.
It is necessary to rely on and rely on respectively. We are dependent on each other, and we are not dependent. Two meetings with Togliatti On the afternoon of November 7, 1957, the first meeting was held with Togliatti at the villa where Togliatti, the general secretary of the Italian Communist Party, was staying.
Togliatti gave his opinion on which countries had signed the Manifesto: if the communist parties of France and Italy had signed the Manifesto, it would have given the impression that the parties of those two countries were the only ones engaged in the communist movement in the capitalist world, but he could have issued a separate statement expressing his agreement in principle with the Manifesto.
This is very much in line with the opinion expressed at the meeting with Khrushchev on November 3. ** Say: It is not good for the parties of the capitalist world, whether they are two or three, to sign documents.
It is better to have the ruling party sign it (on 19 November, 64 of the Communist and Workers' Parties present signed the Peace Declaration – author's note). We have revised our estimates of the workers' movement in the capitalist countries from those of the Social Democrats.
The document did not deal with specific internal and domestic issues, as the situation varied from country to country. After the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the Polish-Hungarian incident, some people believed that Marxism was ineffective, so it was necessary to reaffirm the principles of Marxism.
This will have a good effect on the whole world. After criticizing Stalin's mistakes, another kind of bias emerged in the party of Britain and the United States, a revisionist bias.
** Discussions were also held with Togliatti on the issue of "peaceful transition" raised at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. ** On the question of revolution in capitalist countries, the original draft Declaration placed more emphasis on peaceful transition.
We had an exchange of views with the Soviet Union, and it would be better to mention two possibilities at the same time, one was the possibility of a peaceful transition, and the other was the use of war. I'm concerned about this.
For a year, we did not express our attitude, because there was no opportunity to exchange views with the CPSU**. A peaceful transition includes a fierce class struggle. Perhaps, under certain domestic and international conditions, the bourgeoisie can be forced to resort to violence through mass struggle.
However, we are not convinced that the present bourgeoisie is armed. Again, we want peace, and we want violence when we are forced to do so.
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On November 19, 1957, the meeting with Kader took place on the second day of the World Congress of Communist Party Representatives. On November 18, he made a report on "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" at the conference, systematically expounding the basic contradictions, main contradictions, and main contradictions in socialist society, and laying the foundation for the successful convening of the conference.
During the meeting, ** and Kader exchanged views on the unity of the international communist movement and agreed on the domestic and foreign policies of the two parties.
To sum up, the shuttle diplomacy in Moscow in 1957 was mainly aimed at promoting the successful holding of the Moscow Conference, trying to bridge the differences between the communist and workers' parties of the world and facilitating the smooth adoption of the Moscow Declaration and the Peace Declaration.
Through contacts with the leaders of the Communist Party and the Workers' Party of many countries, on the one hand, they clarified China's domestic and foreign policies, displayed China's image on the international stage, and on the other hand, they also learned about the political, economic, and social conditions of Western countries, which had a great impact on the formulation of China's domestic line, principles, and policies in the future.