The Three Kingdoms, as a historical legend known to the people of the country, especially with the blessing of many folk scripts, ** and film and television works, this history has basically been analyzed by various experts very thoroughly, basically the most transparent history in China for 5,000 years, but it is basically the history of the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it really entered the Three Kingdoms era after Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han Dynasty. So there is not much depiction of this decades of history.
In the Three Kingdoms era, with the completion of the division of Jingzhou, in fact, the main contradictions between the three parties were basically concentrated in the Hanzhong and Longxi lines of Shu Han and Cao Wei, and there was the tug of war between Eastern Wu and Cao Wei on the line of Hefei and Xuzhou. In addition, as the war decreases and the external contradictions are reduced, the domestic contradictions will be highlighted, and the three countries are facing the same problem, and only Cao Wei basically solved the problem and truly entered the era of legal unification, while Eastern Wu and Shu Han fell into endless internal friction, and finally Cao Wei was far away from the gap in the stage of peaceful development. This also led to the final outcome of the Three Kingdoms, which eventually led to a strong southward movement from the north, unifying Shu Han and Eastern Wu respectively.
After all, in ancient times, the people-oriented political concept has not yet been formed, and the ruler is weak, and there is no way to truly dominate all directions, so he can only share some benefits to the family, unite the talented people of the family, and help the ruler complete the governance of a country, and the family has factions, and if the ruler cannot balance the interests of the middle, it will inevitably lead to domestic chaos.
After all, the Sun, Cao and Liu families are either families from the bottom, or warlord forces who went to other places to start businesses, and uniting the local families is an extremely important political measure.
First of all, look at the Shu Han Group, Shu Han completely belongs to the warlord group of entrepreneurs in other places, Liu Bei followed Gongsun Zan in his early years, worked for others in North China, and then worked for Lu Bu in Xuzhou, and then there were many involvements between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao Group, in the Central Plains desperate, he turned south to Liu Biao, and defended the north gate Xinye for the Liu Biao Group that lost Zhang Xiu, and it was during this period in Xinye that Liu Bei began to make friends with the Jingzhou family and recruited a large number of celebrities. The most famous is naturally Wolong Zhuge Liang, in addition, there are Ma brothers, Huang Zhong, Wei Yan, Yang Yi, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and so on.
Later, Liu Biao died, Cao Cao went south, Jingzhou fell apart, Sun Liu Cao and the three families had a big battle and competition of interests in Jingzhou, the final outcome everyone knows, Cao Cao won first and then lost, can only occupy the northern region of Jingzhou, Sun Quan contributed a lot in the battle of Chibi, but only occupied the eastern part of Jingzhou, Xiakou and other places, Liu Bei took the opportunity to seize the southwest of Jingzhou, officially opened the career of princes.
Liu Bei has been in Jingzhou for several years, further recruiting talents, forming the Jingzhou Gang under Liu Bei, and the original veteran team Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Sun Qian, Mi Brothers, Jian Yong and others formed Liu Bei's earliest team, but Jingzhou is not enough to grow into a force that competes in the world. Therefore, developing to the west and annexing Yizhou will be the only way for Liu Bei Group to become bigger and stronger.
Therefore, after Liu Bei seized Jingzhou, he quickly launched the political line of annexing Yizhou, with the support of Yizhou's inner line, Liu Bei began to infiltrate Yizhou, and finally sent troops to successfully seize Yizhou, but there are also vast families in Yizhou, at that time Liu Bei held Jingzhou and Yizhou, after gaining a firm foothold in Yizhou, the measures taken were to take the Jingzhou Gang as the core, and at the same time absorb the Yizhou team into the core of the strategy, we divided Dongzhou and Yizhou into this category, at that time from Yizhou Fa Zheng, Li Yan, Huang Quan, Chen Zhou, Zhou Shu, Du Qiong, Peng Yi and others also entered Liu Bei Group.
In Liu Bei's era, although the Yizhou clan was at a disadvantage at the political level, with Liu Bei's attention, he still had a great initiative in politics, at least he could speak in Liu Bei's group, and in order to balance the forces of Jingzhou, Liu Bei could also bring Li Yan to fight against Zhuge Liang. After all, Liu Bei had confidence at that time, and the army was basically dominated by his own henchmen, plus Guan Yu was sitting in Jingzhou and could support Xichuan at any time, so he could completely win over the Yizhou faction for his own use and ensure the stability of the regime.
But with Guan Yu's careless loss of Jingzhou, and then Liu Bei's defeat in the battle of Yiling, Jingzhou's soldiers and horses and other talents and other forces lost almost half, and Liu Bei also died in the White Emperor City, Zhuge Liang became the real core of the Shu Han regime, at this time there was an important problem, the strength of the Jingzhou faction was not enough to support the rule of Jingzhou's high-level in Shu Han, if the Yizhou faction was given power, then the Yizhou faction would inevitably rise to control the Shu Han dynasty, then the Jingzhou faction would be wiped out.
So from the beginning of Zhuge Liang, he comprehensively suppressed the local clans in Yizhou, and promoted a large number of Jingzhou factions to take charge of Shu Han Jiangshan, although Jiang Wei is not from Jingzhou, but as Zhuge Liang's henchman**, he is naturally regarded as a Jingzhou faction. After that, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, Yang Yi, and Wei Yan were in charge of the military affairs of Shu Han, and on the whole, the four Ying of Shu and Han were all Jingzhou factions. Although after Zhuge Liang's death, the infighting between Yang Yi and Wei Yan led to the loss of the Jingzhou faction, but with the separation of these two from the Shu Han high-level successively, the Shu Han regime dominated by Jiang and Fei could still strongly suppress the local talents in Yizhou.
This led to the increasingly fierce contradictions between the Yizhou faction and the Jingzhou faction within the Shu Han Dynasty, the local people in Yizhou contributed money, food, taxes and military resources to the Shu Han Dynasty, but politically they were on the edge of the Shu Han court, and they couldn't even get a core position.
But the high-level Shu Han could not hear their voices, they lost the upward channel, which made the Yizhou clan gradually turn their backs, and the support for Shu Han fell sharply, and the Jingzhou faction in order to suppress the Yizhou faction, gave the Yizhou faction the name of the surrender faction, and openly pushed the Yizhou clan to the opposite side, which is also the important reason why Cao Wei pacified Shu Han in the later period, and Deng Ai smuggled through Yinping with a small number of soldiers and horses, but did not receive fierce resistance from the Shu Han people.
Coincidentally, the Sun family in Jiangdong is also a business in a different place, the Sun family was originally just a small family in the south, just because Sun Jian was too fierce, in the late Han Dynasty during the Yellow Turban Uprising, he made a lot of achievements and named him Wucheng Hou. And it was the absolute main force of the later crusade against Dong Zhuo, because he was too capable of fighting, he broke through Luoyang and obtained the jade seal of the country, which shocked Dong Zhuo, of course, Sun Jian was only a collaborator of Yuan Shu at that time, which was equivalent to half of Yuan Shu's subordinates.
After Sun Jian's death, Sun Ce also worked for Yuan Shu, but only later got the guidance of Zhou Yu and others, so he crossed the river to the south to start a business, Zhou Yu was the first Jiangdong clan that Sun Ce befriended, Zhou Yu was a native of Lujiang, that is, south of present-day Hefei. With the help of Zhou Yu, Sun Ce swept through Jiangzuo and laid the foundation for Eastern Wu. But after all, Sun Ce is a foreign warlord, although he is strong, but if he wants to live in Jiangdong for a long time, he still needs to live in harmony with the local family in order to achieve a great cause.
Of course, Sun Ce, as a military general, was strong, and during Sun Ce's period, he basically did not accept it, and he could basically control several major families in Jiangdong. At that time, it was Sun Ce's core team that was in charge of Jiangdong's soldiers and horses, such as Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and others. But with the unexpected death of Sun Ce, Sun Quan is not a monarch who is good at fighting, in order to maintain stability, it is necessary to grasp both military and political affairs, it is good to have Zhou Yu in the early stage, just need to win over Zhang Zhao and others to do a good job of internal rule, and at the beginning of the Sun Quan period, the elites of the four major families in Jiangdong have been continuously introduced to share the world.
Here we have to talk about the four major families in Jiangdong, Lu, Zhu, Gu, and Zhang, not to mention the Lu family, Lu Xun and Lu Kang father and son are both dragons and phoenixes among people, and they have a pivotal position in the history of the development of Soochow. The Zhu family is also full of talents, Zhu Huan, Zhu Yi, Zhu Zhi, Zhu Ran, and Zhu Ju are all in the high-level of Soochow. The same is true of the Gu family, Gu Yong, Gu Tan, and Gu Rong are also big figures in the inner circle of Soochow, and Gu Yong has been in charge of Soochow for 19 years. The Zhang family is also very powerful, Zhang Zhao and Zhang Wen are both figures at the level of the great housekeeper of Soochow. In addition, the Bu family and other clans had a huge influence on the Eastern Wu court.
In the early period of Sun Quan, the governor of the capital could still be controlled by Zhou Yu, and Lu Su and Lu Meng, who were promoted by Zhou Yu, were in charge of the Jingzhou water division, but with the death of the first three governors, plus the talents brought out by the Sun family from Runan and Huainan withered one after another, the Sun family, as an outsider, lost an important support, in order to win over the Jiangdong family, Sun Quan had to further delegate power to the four major families, and since then a honeymoon period between the Sun family and the Jiangdong family has begun.
Sun Quan reused Lu Xun, and even appointed him as the governor of the capital, the Jiangdong family began to take charge of the soldiers and horses of Eastern Wu, and the government of the Eastern Wu Dynasty was basically controlled by the Jiangdong family, in addition to the first prime minister Sun Shao, the follow-up Gu Yong, Lu Xun, Buqi, Zhu Ju, Lu Kai and other several are Jiangdong families, only Zhuge Ke, Sun Jun, Sun Qi and others are not the four major families of Jiangdong, which shows the influence of the four major families in Jiangdong.
However, this honeymoon period made the control of the four major families in Jiangdong over Eastern Wu reach an unprecedented degree, and even openly interfered in the issue of Sun Quan's heir, which caused Sun Quan's dissatisfaction and suspicion, especially Lu Xun's support for Sun He, which seriously caused Sun Quan's dissatisfaction, and finally the Sun family and the four major families were stimulated by contradictions, so for many years after that, the prime minister of Eastern Wu was either served by the children of the Sun family, or by the confidants, anyway, the children of the four major families were not used. And this, naturally, also caused dissatisfaction within Soochow, and the Jiangdong family hugged together to keep warm, and finally Soochow had to compromise and use the children of the family again. However, the Eastern Wu did not solve the problem of the Jiangdong family, so that the Jiangdong family had the ability to rule the world with the monarch, and this tradition continued to the later Eastern Jin Dynasty and the early period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which can be said to have a very far-reaching influence.
Finally, let's take a look at how Cao Wei solved this problem.
After Cao Cao as a eunuch, because the eunuchs in the late Eastern Han Dynasty had a very poor political influence on killing the lord and selling officials, so the Cao Cao family did not fully get the support of the family.
With the unification of the north, the balance between the Guanzhong clan, the North China clan, the Shandong clan, the Yingchuan clan from Henan, the Cao family from Anhui, and the Xiahou family is very important. After Cao Pi ascended the throne, in order to reduce the influence of his own people on the government, he deliberately suppressed the Cao family and the Xiahou family, and only gave these people titles, but did not grant real power, which was regarded as solving the problem of Cao Xiahou. As for how to balance the major clans, it is necessary to say an important system of electing officials, Cao Wei pioneered the reform of the inspection system in the Han and Han dynasties, and derived the Jiupin Zhongzheng system.
Each state and county shall elect a person from the state and county, and the person who is elected must be a person who is in **office** and has a high moral reputation. The big zhongzheng then produces the small zhongzheng. Zhongzheng is the official title of the evaluation talent. After the large and small are generated, a talent survey form is distributed by **, in which the talents are divided into nine grades, upper, upper, upper, middle, lower. Then these people came out and were given official positions according to rank.
This is actually a kind of distribution of interests, the official position of the imperial court is a big cake, which is divided by the Zhongzheng system, and the people elected by the most powerful families must be influential and ranked high, and the talents from slightly worse families are behind. In this way, the entire family has been properly allocated their respective quotas, forming a complete system, different families have different starting points, and the heights they can achieve are also different, and they all have the opportunity to be monopolized by one or a few, and the development of officialdom is healthier. This system existed until the Song and Song dynasties, and was completely replaced by the imperial examination system that had been developed for five or six hundred years until the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
Therefore, the Three Kingdoms were finally unified by Cao Wei's successor, the Western Jin Dynasty, not only because of the imbalance in talent and economic development, but also in dealing with internal contradictions and digesting the internal friction between the family and the royal family, Cao Wei also did a better job, and the Cao Pi era solved the problems that Shu Han and Eastern Wu could not solve for a long time.