Elon Musk previously shared a ** on Twitter, and the content was summarized by him50 cognitive biases, causing hundreds of thousands of crazy likes. He said that young people must be familiar with cognitive biases and avoid cognitive pitfalls.
What are cognitive biases?
Cognitive bias is a phenomenon in which people perceive themselves, others, or the external environment, often due to their own or situational reasons, which distorts the results of perception. That is, you ignore the objective facts, you just "you feel".
Let's learn about these 50 cognitive biases. It can enable us to better identify the truth in work and life, look at things more objectively and rationally, and maintain a good attitude.
on the Internet.
01 Basic attribution error
People often define others based on their personality or character, but they use situational factors to excuse themselves.
For example: Sally is late for class, she must be lazy; You're late because you're too busy in the morning.02 Selfish prejudiceOur failure was forced by circumstances, and our success was taken for granted. There is always a reason for failure, and success is all up to you.
For example, you feel that you won the award because of your hard work, not because of the help and luck of others. But if you fail the exam, it's just because of lack of sleep.03 Intra-group preferenceWe prefer insiders in the same circle over outsiders.
Example: Franis has a club with you, so you like him more than Sally.04 The herd effectThe herd effect is when an individual is influenced by the group (guided or pressured) to doubt and change his or her opinions, judgments, and behaviors, moving in a direction that is consistent with the majority of the group.
For example, Sally thinks fidget spinners are good for kids, and Francis, too.05 GroupthinkWe want the team to be consistent and harmonious, and we sometimes make irrational decisions to reduce conflict (groupthink is a manifestation of the herd effect).
For example: Sally wants to buy ice cream and Francis wants to buy t-shirts, so you end up suggesting a t-shirt with an ice cream pattern printed on it.06 The Halo EffectThe halo effect, also known as the halo effect, is a factor that affects interpersonal perception. The quality or characteristic of this strong perception of love for the house and the black is like the aura of the moon halo, diffusing and diffusing to the surroundings, so people figuratively call this psychological effect the halo effect.
For example: Taylor is so cute, she's certainly not mean at all!07 Moral luckA good outcome will increase people's evaluation of his moral status, and conversely, a bad outcome will lower people's evaluation of his moral status.
Example: XX culture wins the XX battle because they are more virtuous than the loser.08 False consensusWe think there are more people who agree with our views than actually agree with us. Or that there are fewer people who support our views than we think.
Example: "Everybody thinks so!" ”09 The Curse of KnowledgeOnce we know something, we assume that everyone else knows about it too; At the same time, it is also difficult for you to understand, those who do not have mastered it, how do they think about this knowledge? (can't really empathize).
For example, Alice is an architect who has a hard time understanding what programmers don't understand.10 Spotlight EffectGenerally, it refers to the psychological state in which people feel that they will definitely receive the attention of others, or the attention of others, and in order to worry about whether they can leave a good impression or a good reputation on others, they will infinitely magnify their problems, and then cause bad results.
Example: Sally is worried that people will notice how ugly her ice cream t-shirt is.11 Usability EnlightenmentWhen making decisions, we rely on examples that come to mind directly.
For example, when choosing a store, you'll usually choose the one you've seen your ad recently.12 Defensive attributionAs a witness who secretly fears that something serious will happen to you, when we empathize with the victim, we will blame less for the injured party and more for the attacker.
Example: Sally has been playing with her phone in the car while waiting for the green light, and she is rear-ended. Greg, who witnessed the accident, also has a habit of texting while driving. So he got out of the car and yelled at the man who hit Sally.13 The Just World HypothesisWe tend to think that the world is just, and we think that we deserve to suffer injustice.
For example, we often assume that poor people are poor because they are lazy, either because they are stupid, or both. (That is, we often say, "the poor must have something to hate").14 Naive RealismWe believe that what we observe is objective reality, while others are irrational, uninformed or biased.
For example: "I see the world as it is, and everyone else is stupid".15 Naïve cynicismWe think that what we observe is objective reality, while what others do will be more self-centered and conspiratorial.
For example: "The only reason this man is good to me is that he wants something from me." ”16 The Fuller Effect (Barnum Effect).It's easy to reduce our personality to vague statements, even if it applies to a wider range of people.
For example: "This horoscope guide is so accurate!" ”17 The Dunning-Kruger effectIt is a cognitive bias phenomenon that people with incompetent abilities draw wrong conclusions on the basis of their own inconsiderate decisions, but are unable to correctly recognize their own shortcomings and identify wrong behaviors.
Case in point: Francis confidently assures everyone that there is absolutely no kelp in the ice cream. Kelp is also not used in the dairy industry18 Anchoring EffectWe rely on prior information when making decisions. When people make decisions, their minds tend to be swayed by the first information they get, like an anchor sinking to the bottom of the sea, fixing your thinking somewhere.
For example: "This thing says 50% off?" That must be cheaper. ”19 Deviation of automated systemsWe rely on automated systems, and sometimes we rely so much on them that their automated correction process affects their otherwise correct decisions.
For example, we may think that machines or systems are more professional and authoritative than we are, and we would rather trust machines and software systems than insist that we are right.20 The Google Effect (Digital Amnesia).We tend to forget about information that is readily available through search engines.
For example: "What's the name of the actor in that comedy??" I've checked them all 8 times."21 Impedance TheoryWhen asked to do something, we deliberately do the opposite, especially when we feel that our personal freedom is threatened.
For example, the more teachers and parents ask their children to do their homework, the more he refuses to go.22 Acknowledgment of DeviationsWe tend to find and remember information that confirms our knowledge.
For example, you would support a conspiracy theory based on a small amount of evidence and ignore the evidence to the contrary.23 Backfire EffectEvidence to the contrary can sometimes have the opposite effect, making us more convinced of our previous opinions.
Example: The evidence that disproves your conspiracy theory is likely to be faked!24 Third-person effectsWe believe that others are more susceptible than we are to the consumption habits advertised by the masses**.
Example: "You're obviously being ***!" ”25 Belief biasWe judge the strength of an argument not by how strongly it supports the conclusion, but by how credible it is in our minds.
Example: "Sally says she supports your conspiracy theory as well." But she didn't say anything. ”26 Availability CascadeThe more something is discussed openly and repeatedly, the more we believe in the truth of it in order to fit in.
Case in point: The story of a candy with razor blades hidden in it became so popular that many Americans eventually stopped offering homemade candy on Halloween.27 DeclineismWe tend to be romanticized with the old days and negative about the future, believing that society and structures have been declining for a long time.
Example: "In our time, children know how to respect more!" ”28 Status quo biasWe tend to leave things as they are, and a move that deviates from the original is considered a loss.
For example, even if Sally's privacy is violated by an app's terms of service, she is reluctant to switch to another program.29 Sunk Cost Fallacy (Invest in Upgrades).The cost we pay will affect our current decision-making. Even in the face of losses, we will still insist on investing more in the things that have already been costed, rather than changing the direction of investment.
For example: "It's all here, don't do it!" ”30 The Gambler's FallacyWe think that the likelihood of something happening is influenced by past events.
For example, if Alice has already lost 9 times in the coin guess, she will definitely be able to guess it next time.31 Zero risk appetiteWe tend to reduce the smaller risk to zero rather than opting for another option that reduces more of the overall risk.
For example, the reason why the insurance industry can be established depends on this psychological effect. Although people know that the probability of these things happening is low, they still want to talk about the risk of these things happening to zero.32 Frame EffectWe often come to different conclusions about the same problem based on different expressions.
For example, if a hospital has a 99% rate of critical illness, you will feel that the medical level of this hospital is very high. But if the hospital's history of this severe case is that 100 people die in 10,000 cases, you will think that the hospital's medical standards are very low.33 StereotypesAlthough there is no information about individuals, we still generally believe that a certain general group has certain personality traits specifically.
Example: Chinese know kung fu.34 Homogeneous effects of out-of-group groupsWe believe that a group outside the group is homogeneous, and that the members within our own group are more diverse.
Example: Alice doesn't play games, but she thinks everyone who plays games is the same.35 Authority biasWe are more convinced and often swayed by the opinions of authority figures.
For example: People admired Jack Ma before, even if Jack Ma was nonsense, many people believed it; Now people admire Musk, but in fact, Musk also has times of nonsense.36 Placebo effectIf we believe that a ** method will work, it will often produce some efficacy.
For example, many doctors will prescribe a placebo that does not have any effect on a patient who is not sick, and the premise of the placebo is that the patient cannot be told that it is a placebo, but that it is a certain specific drug.37 Survivorship biasWe tend to focus on what survives in a process and ignore what fails.
Example: Greg tells Alice that her bag business must be good because there is a successful fashion company that uses the same strategy. But in fact, 10 other companies that failed used the same strategy.38 Rapid mental activityOur perception of time can change as a result of trauma and drug use and physical exertion.
Example: When the car almost hit me, time slowed down ......39 The Law of Triviality (Bicycle Shed Effect).We often focus too much on trivial issues and tend to avoid more complex ones.
For example, instead of thinking about how to solve the problem of homelessness, the local ** spent a lot of time discussing the construction of bicycle lanes and carports.40 The Zeigarnik effectIt's easier for people to remember unfinished work than they are to have already done it.
For example, the closer you get to completion, the more you will miss it, like chasing the finale of a TV series, or collecting a certain mystery box.41 The IKEA effectWe give a higher value to the things we are personally involved in making.
For example, an ordinary silver ring only costs a few dozen pieces, but it is worth spending hundreds of dollars to DIY a ring.42 The Ben Franklin EffectWe like to help others, and we are more likely to help those we have helped than those who have helped us.
Example: Greg borrows Francis a pen, and when Francis borrows another $5 from Greg, Greg readily borrows it.43 The Bystander EffectThe more people who are watching, the less likely they are to come forward to help the victim.
Example: A group of students see someone injured in a fight, but no one calls the police.44 SuggestiveWe, especially children, sometimes mistake the implicit thoughts of the questioner for our own memory.
Example: "Did you fall off the couch before or after your mom hit you?" Note: This is a trap question, it is likely that the mother did not hit the child, but the child's answer is very misleading.45 False MemoryWe mistake imagination for memory.
Example: Greg is sure that Sally told a joke about pineapples, but the joke was actually something he saw on TV.46 Hidden MemoryWe take real memories as imagination.
Example: Greg thinks he's gone to the cemetery, but he's sure he's just having a terrible dream.47 Cluster IllusionWe will find patterns and "clusters" in random data.
Example: You see a cloud and it feels like your cat.48 Pessimism biasSometimes we overestimate the likelihood of a low outcome.
For example: I failed the college entrance examination, I didn't get into a good university, and my life is over.49 Optimism biasSometimes we can be overly optimistic about the good results.
Example: We overestimate our odds of winning the lottery.50 Blind spot biasWe don't think we're biased, and at the same time think others are more biased than we are.
For example, if you have an affair and you say that you are stressed or that your relationship with your wife has broken down. If it is someone else who is engaged in an extramarital affair, it must be morally corrupt and scum.
Finish.I am a senior digital marketing expert in @晏涛三寿 and the author of "Super User Growth", pay attention to the official account of "Yan Tao Sanshou", let's gain insight into the essence of marketing together!