Project Sword
Author: Forgotten in the rivers and lakes.
Statement: Bing said that the original debut, the whole network has been opened to protect rights, and plagiarism and handling must be investigated
On September 14, 1988, the first time the military conferred titles after the restoration of the military rank system.
What are the similarities and differences between the two major awards in 33 years?
The two large-scale conferments in September 1955 and September 1988 at first glance look like the reincarnation of history and the re-screening of a movie: in the same place, Zhongnanhai Huairen Hall; The same army, the people's army; When the program was implemented, the conferment of the highest military rank was abolished; The end result was more than 1,500 generals.
However, there are several significant differences between the 1988 Grand Conferral and 33 years ago.
The first point is that the military rank system implemented twice is different in the "benchmark" of our army's learning;
Second, under the new military rank system, the ranks of marshal and general are no longer established;
Third, under the new rank system, the army, navy, and air force of our three armed services are clearly separated.
Fourth, the proportion of civilian personnel, especially professional and technical personnel, who are awarded military ranks has increased markedly.
Fifth, in September 1988, the title was conferred, and our army produced 5 female major generals.
In 1955 and 1988, what is the difference between the "benchmarking" of the benchmark?
The military rank system is, in essence, a special hierarchical system. In ancient China, it was called "class", such as "Great Sima", "Great General", "Partial General", "Deputy General" and "Tooth General", which often appeared in folk commentaries, which can be understood as a kind of military rank.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, the names of military officials such as marshals, generals, and captains have appeared, which are actually a kind of "military rank". However, this hierarchy and hierarchy in the ancient army was not exactly equivalent to the rank system.
The military rank system in the true sense appeared in Western Europe after the 15th century.
In modern China, various military rank systems were also adopted during the Beiyang period and the ** period. The military rank system practiced by our army in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China was actually a study of the military rank system of the "big brother" and also referred to the military rank system of the "little brother" DPRK.
Thirty-three years later, our army has restored the military rank system or implemented a new military rank system, and the "benchmark" for reference is no longer limited to the Soviet army and the DPRK army, but also refers to the military rank system of developed countries such as the United States, Britain, and France, as well as the military rank system of developing countries such as Brazil, Egypt, Iran, and Pakistan.
Whether in 1955 or 1988, the purpose of implementing the rank system was the same: to arouse the sense of mission and honor of all officers and men, to facilitate command by distinguishing between high and low military ranks in wartime, and to facilitate internal and external exchanges in peacetime.
On September 30, 1988, the head of the Shandong Provincial Military Region took a group photo with the cadres of the Heze Military Sub-district Organs
Under the new military rank system, why are the ranks of marshal and general no longer established?
In 1955 and 1988, the highest military rank was set up, but it was not awarded.
In 1955, the highest military rank established was Generalissimo. In ancient China, there were many titles such as "generalissimo of soldiers and horses", but the rank of "generalissimo" in the strict sense is a matter of modern military history.
According to statistics, there are only 32 "generalissimos" in modern times, and in addition to "generalissimo", they also include titles such as special general, imperial marshal, navy special admiral, and army general. However, due to the chairman's insistence on "generalissimo", this highest rank was not awarded.
Ten years later, in order to pursue equality between officers and soldiers and de-Soviet militarization, the military rank system was abolished.
In February 1979, in the self-defense counterattack against Vietnam and a series of foreign exchange activities of our army, the drawbacks were exposed because there were no military ranks, and it was imperative to restore the military rank system or implement a new military rank system, and it was put on the agenda.
Since there are no major wars in peacetime, even if there are small-scale local wars, it is not enough to produce marshals and generals in the war years. Therefore, in the military rank system in September 1988, there was no establishment of the rank of marshal and general, and the highest was a first-class general.
Deng Gong, who had the qualification of marshal in 1955, did not accept the rank of first-class general, just like that year.
The new military rank system separates the army, navy, and air force, and increases the proportion of professional and technical personnel with titles.
The resumption of the military rank system is mainly based on the following three considerations:
First, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between superiors and subordinates, especially the level of cross-departmental and cross-unit ranks, so as to facilitate the distinction between the level of command authority in the same position, facilitate command, management, and coordinated operations, and accelerate the revolutionization, modernization, and regularization of our army's construction.
The second is to carry forward the encouraging role of our army in striving to be advanced, commending meritorious service, and encouraging the advanced;
Third, in the new era of informatization and the global village, it is convenient for our military to interact with the outside world.
At the same time, the restoration of the military rank system should also carry forward the past and open up the future; it is necessary to consider not only some high-ranking generals who remained in the army when the titles were conferred in 1955, but also whether cadres transferred from the army to local areas should be awarded titles, and also the issue of the proportion of Chinese cadres and technical cadres in the process of military modernization, as well as the issue of awarding titles to female cadres.
The new military rank system takes into account both young and young cadres, and adopts "one post and three ranks".
Compared with 33 years ago, the military rank system in 1988 was separated from technical cadres, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone: it can not only save the war-oriented officer staff, but also stabilize and extend the service life of the professional and technical backbone team.
A total of 350,000 people were awarded, including 100,000 professional and technical and civilian cadres, nearly 30 percent.
In 1988, the new military rank system appeared with several very representative records:
Hong Xuezhi from Siye, as the pioneer and big steward of our army's logistics, has two generals, and can be called the only one in our army;
Rear Admiral of the Navy in 1955 and Admiral in 1988, he is known as the "Father of the Navy" and the "Father of Aircraft Carriers".
Born in Sanno, *** rose the fastest, a major in 1955 and a general in 1988.
Among the 17 generals, there are 6 people in the 2nd field and 3rd field system, 3 people in the 4th field, and 1 person each in the North China Military Region and the Air Force.
In 1955, 640,000 people participated in the award, and due to the "surprise retirement" of 100,000 female soldiers, only 4,000 people participated in the award, accounting for 0006%；Among them, the only female general is the founding major general Li Zhen, who accounts for only 0 of the 1,614 founding generals0006%。
In 1988, five women were awarded major generals: Wu Xiaoheng, vice president of the First Military Medical University, Hu Feipei of the Foreign Chinese College of the People's Liberation Army, Liao Wenhai, vice president of the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Li Xikai, vice president of the Third Military Medical University, and Nie Li, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.
At this time, female generals accounted for 00035%, which is 6 times that of 33 years ago.
In 1993, Nie Li was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and became the first female lieutenant general in the history of our army.
Under the new military rank system, not only has the proportion of professional and technical cadres, civilian cadres and female soldiers increased significantly, but the new generation of generals has also come to the fore.
Among the 146 lieutenant generals, there were several commanders of large military regions who later made great achievements. For example, Zhou Yibing in Beijing, Liu Jingsong in Shenyang, Zhao Xianshun in Lanzhou, Li Jiulong in Jinan, Zhang Wannian in Guangzhou, Fu Quanyou in Chengdu and other famous generals.
These lieutenant generals, who had experienced the baptism of war, were later promoted to generals one after another.
Navy Commander Zhang Lianzhong, 57 years old at the time, was a naval general who grew up during the war years; Liu Yudi, commander of the Air Force of the Nanjing Military Region, was one of the first batch of pilots of our army, an ace pilot of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and a first-class combat hero.
Among the 1,279 major generals awarded in 1988, there are also several outstanding representatives.
Wu Shaozu, political commissar of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, became the only major general at the level of the Zhengda Military Region due to his relatively young qualifications.
He Qizong, then 45 years old, participated in the Sino-Indian border counterattack operation in 1962, the self-defense counterattack against Vietnam in 1979, and the "Two Mountains" operation in 1984. In 1985, at the age of 42, He Qizong was promoted to deputy director, promoted to lieutenant general in 1990, and retired in 1999 at the age of 56.
The new military rank system in 1988 was an important reform of our military under the situation of modern warfare.
With the large-scale streamlining of the administration of elite troops, modern local wars have higher requirements for high-tech operations, and it is difficult for the historical soil for the production of marshals and generals to exist. Unless a large-scale war breaks out, the rank of general is the ceiling.
References:
1. "The Great Title", written by Guan He Wuzhou, Modern Publishing House;
2. "The New Military Rank System of the Chinese People's Liberation Army", compiled by the Military Rank Office of the Whole Army, Military Science Press.
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