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The relationship between the rank and status of the governor of the Qing Dynasty and Shangshu: the rank of the governor is defined as "the second rank plus the first rank", although he enjoys the treatment of the first rank, but in fact there is still a thin line between the real first rank.
It is worth noting that the titles and grades of governors in the early Qing Dynasty were not standardized, some added the title of Shangshu, some added the title of squire, and some did not add the title. Before Yongzheng's accession to the throne, the grades of the six Shangshu were all positive and second, and even if the governor added the title of Shangshu, the grade was still the second grade.
However, after Yongzheng ascended the throne, the official system was changed, and the grade of the six Shangshu was raised from the first rank, and the rank of the squire was upgraded to the second grade. At the same time, it is stipulated that the governor shall confer the title of Jiashangshu, which is also the title of the right capital of the Imperial Historian of the Metropolitan Procuratorate; If the governor does not add the title of Shangshu, he will add the right attendant of the military department and the right deputy of the Imperial Governor of the Imperial Palace.
Until the Jiaqing period, the rank of the governor was still not fixed, some were second-class tops, and some were head-topped tops. However, due to the heavy responsibilities of the governor, from the Qianlong period, the governor's military department and the title of the right capital have become the norm, with only a few exceptions.
The official status of the Qing governor was higher than that of the Shangshu, because in the Qing Dynasty, the governor's power was greater than that of the Shangshu and was valued more by the emperor. After the governor is transferred to the capital division, he will serve as the secretary, but after the governor is transferred to the secretary, he will not necessarily serve in the ministry of officials or the ministry of rites, but will mostly serve in the household department, the criminal department, and the military department, because these departments are more in line with the governor's profession.
If the Emperor wants to reuse a Governor, he will simply promote him to Scholar or Minister of War. If the Emperor trusted a Governor but did not want to transfer him to the Imperial Division, he would give him the title of "Governor of the Scholars".
Shangshu's transfer to the governor: an understanding of the flat tone in Jianba If the transfer of the governor to Shangshu is a flat tone, then the transfer of Shangshu to the governor belongs to Jianba. Taking the governor of Zhili as an example, in the early Qing Dynasty, whether it was the governor of Zhili or the governor of Zhili, it was generally concurrently served by the ministers of various ministries and institutes in Beijing.
After the second year of Yongzheng, the post of governor of Zhili was customized, and it was the same as that of the governors of various provinces. The transfer of the six Shangshu to the governors is not in line with the normal personnel transfer, because from the perspective of the official system, the Shangshu is still slightly higher than the governor by half a level.
While such cases are not uncommon, there are a number of other reasons behind them.
One might ask that Liu Tongxun was not among the eight governors, and his example does not tell the story. Don't be anxious, in the nineteenth year of Qianlong, Liu Tongxun once again held an important position and was appointed as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.
Since the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the post of governor of Shaanxi and Gansu has rarely been granted to the Han people, and Qianlong let Liu Tongxun hold this position for comprehensive considerations. In this year, the situation in the northwest region was very tense, and the Qianlong Emperor was very worried about the military deployment in Balikun, Hami and other places, and wanted to send a trustworthy and capable minister to make an inspection.
In the imperial court, only Liu Tongxun, the secretary of the Criminal Department, had such conditions. In order to elevate Liu Tongxun's status, Qianlong authorized him to concurrently serve as the crown prince and the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.
Obviously, the transfer of Liu Tongxun as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu was only an expedient measure, just to let him temporarily deal with urgent affairs, this kind of temporary appointment of courtiers as governors was very common in the Qianlong Dynasty, and they were all selected from the six Shangshu, there was another famous minister of the Qianlong Dynasty, Yin Jishan, who was transferred to Beijing to serve as the secretary of the criminal department not long ago, and was sent to be the governor of Liangjiang.
After Qianlong ascended the throne, he changed the title of commander of the army, and made them go on the expedition as governors. For example, in the early stage, Fukangan temporarily served as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu and the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou in the capacity of the secretary of the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of War, leading the army to go on expeditions.
Such appointments were made mainly for military reasons, and the title of Shangshu temporarily held the position of governor in order to have better control over the military and magistrates, as opposed to ordinary administrative governors.
These governors were of very high status, on the same level as the ministers. Of course, if the generals were scholars or military ministers, they were usually not appointed in the name of the governor for the sake of their honorable status, but in the capacity of ministers and counselors.
For example, Fu Heng and Ah Gui were like this during their time leading the troops.
The relationship between the status of the governor and the Shangshu needs to be comprehensively examined. In general, the status of the governor is slightly higher than that of the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of Works, and slightly lower than that of the Ministry of Officials, which is comparable to that of the Ministry of Household and the Ministry of Rites.