On July 15, 1971, 18 representatives of Albania and Algeria to the United Nations sent a letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, U Thant
"On the orders of our country,** we have the honour to request Your Excellency to include the question entitled 'Restoration of the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations' on the agenda of the twenty-sixth session of the General Assembly as a matter of urgency, and to enclose herewith an explanatory memorandum and a draft resolution in accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly." ”At first, there were only 18 sponsors, but later five more countries were added, including Myanmar and Ceylon, bringing the total number of sponsors to 23.
Fig**As a matter of fact, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has made countless efforts to restore the lawful seat of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations.
On July 9, 1971, Nixon's special envoy Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to China, which opened the prelude to the development of Sino-US relations.
However, just after communicating with Kissinger, **reported the situation to ***, **but made a decisive decision:
"Whether it's a magpie or a crow, it's not going to be in the United Nations this year. ”After 20 years of hard work, why did ** make the decision of "not entering the United Nations this year" when it was time to get to the door. But when the good news came from the United Nations on October 26, ** changed his mind and urgently sent a delegation to the United Nations.
Why there is a change in the two attitudes?
From China's efforts to enter the United Nations in the 50s to its complete victory in 1971, we can see from this complete process that we have made far-sighted decisions and deployments.
More than 30 years later, Xiong Xianghui, a delegate to the 26th session of the United Nations who had participated in the Chinese delegation that year, recalled the entire process of China restoring its lawful seat in the United Nations and sending a delegation to the United Nations.
On October 1, 1949, ** stood on the tower of Tiananmen Square and solemnly announced the news of the "founding of the People's Republic of China".
FigOn October 1, 1949, he stood on the tower of Tiananmen Square and solemnly announced the "founding of the People's Republic of China".
At the same time,The ** people of the People's Republic of China have become the sole legitimate ** representing the Chinese people, and they rightfully enjoy their legitimate seat in the United Nations.
In order to restore the lawful seat of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, it is necessary to recognize the following facts.
"The representative of the People's Republic of China** must be recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China to the United Nations, the People's Republic of China must be recognized as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, and the representative headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique must be expelled from the United Nations and all its organs." ”China's position on this principle is firm and unshakable. However, because of the constraints of the United States, China's legitimate seat in the United Nations has always been occupied by representatives headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique.
On November 15, 1949, ***, then Minister ***, sent a telegram to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr. Leyman, and the President of the United Nations General Assembly, Romulo, respectively, and the telegram said:
"On the day of its founding, the President of the People's Republic of China solemnly declared to the world that only the people of the People's Republic of China are the only legitimate representatives of the entire people of the People's Republic of China....On behalf of the ** people of the People's Republic of China**, I would like to formally request that the United Nations, in accordance with the principles and spirit of the Charter of the United Nations, immediately cancel all the rights of the Chinese national ** delegation to continue to represent the Chinese people in the United Nations, so as to conform to the wishes of the Chinese people. ”As a matter of fact, this telegram has also set off a journey of struggle for China to restore its lawful seat in the United Nations.
Fig**Although the diplomatic situation had not yet been fully opened at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, many countries, including the Soviet Union, expressed support for the restoration of China's lawful seat in the United Nations.
At the Fifth Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1950, the United Nations put forward a motion on the issue of China's representation in the United Nations, which was submitted to the General Assembly for discussion and voting. Just before the fifth session of the General Assembly, China had received an invitation to attend the session.
Most of the sources, including the Retrospective, record that China was not represented at the outbreak of the Korean War.
However, the actual situation is that by sending a delegation to the UN General Assembly session, China must ask the United Nations to recognize that the **people** of the People's Republic of China are the only legitimate ** representing the Chinese people**, and that only the Chinese delegation sent by the **people** of the People's Republic of China has the right to speak on behalf of the Chinese people at the United Nations; the deputies headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique are not qualified to speak on behalf of the Chinese people at the United Nations; they are illegal representatives and should be expelled immediately.
However, the proposal of the Soviet Union and India at the UN General Assembly was not adopted in the end. Canada's proposal was adopted.
FigThe Volunteers crossed the Yalu River with "majestic and high-spirited spirits".
Canada's proposal is divided into two main parts:
That.After the adoption of the proposal,On 16 October 1950, the Committee informed the General Assembly that it was unable to make any recommendations on the question of China's representation. As a result, the UN General Assembly resolved that the representatives of the reactionary group of the Chinese Kuomintang "will remain in the United Nations and all its organs." ”1. On the issue of China's representation, the General Assembly shall appoint seven members to form a special committee to report to the current session of the General Assembly and make recommendations.
That. 2. Pending the report and recommendations of the Special Committee, the "representatives of Chinese nationals" shall continue to occupy seats in the General Assembly with the same rights as other representatives.
Beginning with the Sixth Session of the UN General Assembly in 1951, all countries, including the Soviet Union, requested that the issue of "China's representation in the United Nations" be included in the agenda of the UN General Assembly.
Throughout, the United States has constrained China's restoration of its lawful seat in the United Nations. The U.S. proposal was passed by a high number of votes each time.
However, with the passage of time, although the United States has passed the proposal on "China's representation" by a high number of votes each time, the number of votes against it has increased year by year, and the number of abstentions has gradually increased.
FigThe first Secretary-General of the United Nations, Lie (a Norwegian), advocated that the United Nations admit the People's Republic of China as China's official representative to the United Nations.
It is undeniable that there are some objective factors, such as the expansion of the United Nations year by year and the gradual increase in the number of member states, but also with the gradual development of New China's diplomacy, China has been recognized by more and more friends.
At the 25th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1970, although the United States passed the proposal on the "issue of China's representation" with 66 votes, the number of votes in favor of China's proposal also rose to 51. It seems that there is still a gap, but we are only one step away from the final victory.
Judging from the increasing number of votes for "supporting China's proposal".It is highly likely that China will resume its lawful seat in the United Nations the following year, in 1971.
1971 was a year of major changes in U.S.-China relations.
As ping-pong diplomacy gradually unfolded, Nixon also sent Kissinger to visit China secretly. Moreover, the two sides have basically agreed to communicate through Huang Zhen, the Chinese ambassador to France.
Kissinger also revealed news to China during his talks with ***:
Nixon had decided that the United States would support the People's Republic of China in gaining seats in the United Nations and the Security Council. ”
FigKissinger with ***
If the United States does not hinder it, China's entry into the United Nations is basically a sure thing, but Kissinger's next sentence made the originally pleasant-looking *** a little angry.
"The United States does not agree to the expulsion of Taiwan from the United Nations, and if the United States allows Taiwan to lose its seat in the United Nations before Nixon's visit to China, it will put Nixon** in a very difficult position. ”In other words, although the United States agreed to support China's restoration of its lawful seat in the United Nations, it was not prepared to expel the Taiwanese representatives headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique.
** Immediately after the righteous words of Kissinger said:
"You want to create a 'China** at the United Nations, resolutely oppose it, and you will definitely publicly refute it. ”In the face of China's insistence, Kissinger also seemed helpless, so he had no choice but to say:"Please use less sharp adjectives for our **. ”However, as far as the United States is concerned, as the international situation changes, they must also make adaptive changes in their policy toward China.
Fig**At the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1971, the United States divided the proposal on "the issue of China's representation" into two parts, namely, the "proposal on important issues" and the "proposal on dual representation".
"Proposal for Important Issues".It is a well-timed proposal of the United States, which has always had a "market" in the United Nations for more than a decade, that is, in accordance with the provisions of Article 18 of the UN CharterMatters relating to the admission of new Members to the United Nations, or changes in the rights and privileges of Member States, or the removal of Member States, are important issues and should be decided by a two-thirds majority of the Member States present at the meeting, who vote.
However, in fact, this proposal is a misinterpretation of Article 18 of the UN Charter by the United States, and the restoration of China's lawful seat in the UN will not affect the rights and interests of its member states in the UNChina is not a new member of the United Nations, but a founding member of the United Nations. The expulsion of the Taiwan delegation headed by Chiang Kai-shek was in itself only a general procedural issue and did not belong to the so-called "important issue" of the United States.
Another one,The "dual representative proposal" put forward by the United States means that China will restore its lawful seat in the United Nations while retaining Taiwan's representatives headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique.
**Inform the attitude of the United States*** After listening to it, he pondered for a long time, and then said:
"We will never get on the thief ship of the '** and will not enter the United Nations, China will still survive and develop as it is, and we will make up our minds that no matter whether it is a magpie or a crow, we will not enter the United Nations this year. ”July 16thThe United States and China issued two similar announcements, mainly announcing that Nixon would visit China at an appropriate time by May 1972. That is, the day before,Albania and Algeria submitted to the United Nations a proposal to "restore China's lawful seat in the United Nations and at the same time expel the delegation headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique."
In view of the changes in the international situation, the leaders of the party and the state have made several analyses.
Fig**On October 15, 1971, five days before Kissinger's second visit to China, the premier convened several meetings to study the issue of talks with Kissinger and our countermeasures, and also listened to a report on the issue of China's seat in the United Nations.
At the meeting, *** made a concluding remarks:
"The fallacy of 'one China, two **' is actually a variant of 'one China, two **, and we must not sacrifice our territorial sovereignty over Taiwan in exchange for a seat in the United Nations. ”At noon on October 20, Kissinger and his entourage arrived in Beijing, and at 9 o'clock that night in Zhongnanhai to meet with Ji Pengfei, Xiong Xianghui, Zhang Wenjin, Wang Hairong, and Tang Wensheng.
**Take the lead in asking a question:"The day before yesterday, the United Nations General Assembly began to debate the issue of China's representation, why did Nixon let Kissinger come to Beijing at this time? ”
"Presumably, he thinks the two US proposals are a sure winner. ”Ye Shuai replied.
"A proposal of the General Assembly can be established if it is approved by more than half of the votes, but how many votes are needed for a majority? ”
Zhang Wenjin replied on the side:"The total number of Member States of the United Nations is now 131, and if there are no abstentions, the majority would be 66 votes. ”
FigOn October 25, 1971, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Rez Malileh addressed the United Nations General Assembly.
**Sigh:Back then, Cao Kun could still buy so many "pig congressmen", but now the United States is in charge, Japan is backing, and more than a dozen countries are running errands, collecting 66 votes, no problem. ”
"Albania, Algeria, ......You call the two Arab proposals, how many votes can you get? ”Xiong Xianghui replied:
"The content of this year's proposal is the same as last year's, and last year's votes in favor were 51, and from last year's UN General Assembly to the present, there are 9 UN member states that have established diplomatic relations with us, plus Belgium, which is about to establish diplomatic relations, a total of 10, so that this year's full count may get 61 votes in favor. ”After listening to Xiong Xianghui's words, he said worriedly
Even if a majority can be reached, once that "important issue" is passed, a two-thirds vote in favor will be required to expel the "Chiang Kai-shek clique." ”
FigIn fact, we have long seen the sinister intentions of the "two proposals" of the United States, and although they agreed to restore China's legitimate seat in the United Nations, they refused to expel the Taiwan delegation headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique, even if the two Arab motions were adoptedAs soon as the US motion on "important issues" is passed, the expulsion of the Taiwan delegation headed by the Chiang Kai-shek clique will require more than two-thirds of the votes to pass, and even if the "dual representative motion" is not voted on, the United States will realize its own attempt.
**In the end, it was decided:
"We will never get on the thief ship of '**, and we will not enter the United Nations this year. ”Over the past decade or so, the United States has always had the upper hand in matters involving China's representation.
Kissinger's second visit to China on October 20, 1971, held the same argument, until the morning of October 26, Kissinger ended his meeting with ***, left in a car, and said this to Ye Shuai in the car:
"The United States will definitely get more than half of the votes in favor in two days, and China will have to wait another year for it to enter the United Nations."But not long after Kissinger's plane took off, the **duty room** hit the airport:
"The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on the restoration of China's seat in the United Nations. ”Ye Shuai smiled and shook his head:
The US ** plane is equipped with the most advanced communications equipment, and Kissinger will definitely know the news at this time, I wonder how he feels. ”Our victory at the United Nations General Assembly was indeed somewhat unexpected.
FigAfter the UN General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted the motions of 23 countries, including Albania and Algeria, the audience was jubilant.
On October 18, 1971, the United Nations General Assembly held a debate on "the question of China's representation in the United Nations." The situation between the two sides was basically equal, but the United States was full of confidence.
On the morning of October 25, the United States convened a strategic meeting of all his member states at the United Nations, and the American ambassador also publicly stated:
"Efforts to organize the expulsion of Kuomintang China from the United Nations will be successful. ”On the evening of October 25, the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly voted and accepted the request of some Member States to take a roll-call vote on all motions tonight. However, at the very beginning, the United States "collapsed and sank into the sand"!
FigThe five-star red flag of the People's Republic of China flies in front of the United Nations building.
Before the vote, the United States instructed the representatives of a certain country to propose that the vote on all proposals concerning China's representation be postponed in order to persuade some countries that were still wavering to support the United States. However, the proposal was rejected by 56 votes against, 53 in favour and 19 abstentions.
Reuters Evaluation:
"This move is a serious procedural setback for the United States. ”Subsequently, the representatives of the United States and Japan put forward priority voting on "proposals on important issues". Although the proposal was adopted by 61 votes in favour, the "important issue proposal" was rejected in the ensuing priority vote with 59 votes against, 55 in favour and 15 abstentions. America's strategy at the United Nations has suffered an unprecedented failure.
In fact, just after the proposal was not adopted, the halls of the United Nations immediately boiled over. The packed conference hall erupted in prolonged applauseThe UN delegates tonight defeated the US efforts to keep Taiwan's seat in the UN, paving the way for the new China to enter the UN. They laughed loudly, slapped the table, sang and cheered (Reuters, United Press).
FigZhou Shukai.
At the same time, Zhou Shukai, then the head of the Kuomintang and a representative of Taiwan, jumped directly on the podium to announce his withdrawal from the United Nations in order to save a little face, and then left the venue in a hurry with a group of people. Afterwards, Zhou Shukai claimed to be:
"It's a burden that has been lifted from our shoulders, and it's a big grinding stone that has been around our necks for twenty-one years. ”Although the "two Arab proposals" had not yet been voted on at that time, the direction of everything seemed to indicate that China would certainly resume its lawful seat in the United Nations. In order to gain the slightest opportunity, US Ambassador to the United Nations Bush ran to the rostrum before the vote on the "two Arab proposals" and demanded that the clause in the motion "immediately expel Chiang Kai-shek's deputies from the seats they illegally occupy in the United Nations and all its subordinate organs" should be deleted
"This request is not in accordance with the rules of procedure. ”In the end, the "two Arab proposals" received 76 votes in favor, 35 votes against, and 17 abstentions. At this time, another "dual-representative proposal" of the United States had already been defeated before it was put to a vote.
FigThe Executive Committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization met in Paris to restore the legitimate rights of our country and immediately expel the representatives of the Chiang Kai-shek clique.
Just before the General Assembly, the representatives of the United States had lobbied tirelessly, they had spoken to almost all Member States, and now all of this seems to have been done in vain.
"We didn't know how, we thought we would succeed. ”And at that time, it was not only the United States that lost confusedly, but China also won confusedAlthough China has been working diplomatically for more than a decade, it did not expect to win in 1971. So much so that when it was confirmed that it would resume its seat in the United Nations, China had not made any preparations for this. At 7 o'clock in the evening of October 26, ** convened a meeting of relevant comrades in the Fujian Hall of the Great Hall of the People, and the most critical sentence asked by the prime minister was:
"Will there be a situation in the United Nations now", can the Chiang Gang enter the United Nations again, and is there a market for Taiwan's undetermined status in the United Nations? ”FigOn November 9, 1971, the Chinese delegation left Beijing for New York by plane. More than 4,000 people and commanders and fighters of the capital went to the airport to give them a warm farewell.
Xiong Xianghui and other staff members finally proved that the above situation will not occur again.
Speaking of which, entering the United Nations is not an overnight processFirst of all, after China entered the United Nations, it was still a permanent member of the Security Council, and it would take quite a long time for China to shoulder its responsibilities to the United Nations and the participating member statesWhether to send a delegation to the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly** I am also a little hesitant.
At 9 p.m. that dayIn Zhongnanhai, I summoned *** and other *** staff, and unanimously agreed that this UN General Assembly completely and completely solved all the problems, leaving no sequelae. Make a decision now:
"We sent a delegation and let Master Qiao (Qiao Guanhua) be the head of the delegation and Xiong Xianghui as the representative. ”A word to mention:
"Let Huang Hua be the deputy head of the delegation, and stay in the United Nations as the permanent representative to the Security Council after the end of the United Nations General Assembly. ”FigHead Qiao Guanhua and Deputy Head Huang Hua visited UN Secretary-General U Thant, who is hospitalized at Leroy Hospital in New York.
At that time, Huang Hua had just been transferred to Canada as China's ambassador to Canada, and he was transferred away in less than four months
"People may be upset. ”
** also said with a smile:"Do the work, Canada will understand. ”