The TOEFL test on February 3 is said to be in a lot of situations, I don't know if it is because of the lack of manpower during the Spring Festival holiday, or some other reason, some friends received a notice of cancellation of the test center they applied for the test the day before the test, and then the friends who successfully took the test encountered a system crash in the middle of the test in the test room (it is said that it was because ETS changed to a new system), and transferred the test to the afternoon, which is really a psychological torture.
Next, let's review 2What are the TOEFL questions for 3?
partMorning session
Read
1. How rodents in the desert adapt to a water-scarce environment.
2、conspicuous eggs。The relationship between the color of bird eggs and survival strategies, in general, bird eggs should avoid being too bright colors, as this makes them easier to be detected by predators and thus attacked. However, scientists have found that the eggs of some birds still have bright colors. One explanation is that when the eggs themselves have a bright color, the male is forced to stay in the nest to protect the eggs from predators. Another point of view is that there is a link between the color of the egg and its temperature. Experiments have shown that colored eggs are warmer than white eggs, and although the experiments do not take into account the temperature conditions of birds in their natural environment, in general, the eggs are cared for by their parents, avoiding direct sunlight and keeping the temperature relatively stable. However, in rare cases, such as ostriches, eggs lack routine care and may put eggs at greater risk of predation, and black eggs may increase this risk.
3 debate about the earliest calendars ѧ Cut marks found on bone fragments from Paleolithic caves in central Africa and France are the basic form of the early lunar calendar. The evidence lies in the obvious cut marks on the bones—these marks cannot be accidental.
how the first people got to the interior of north america。Origins of the First Inhabitants of North America: Describes what researchers generally believe that the first inhabitants of North America came from Asia, arriving in Alaska via a land bridge (beringia) known as the Bering Isthmus. Illustrating the evidence found in the central region of North America suggests that it is about 14It was inhabited 000 years ago. It also referred to the controversy over the migration routes of these residents from Alaska into the interior of North America, which has sparked debate in recent years.
5、a transportation transformation。It focuses on the transformation of the transportation field in the northeastern United States from the Revolutionary War of 1776 to the Civil War of 1861-1865. In the beginning, state and local** played a leading role in improving transportation, and private entrepreneurs were the main builders of toll roads in the early 19th century. However, due to improvements in water transport, especially the use of steamboats, the use of rivers became an important step in the integration of the new state. In the absence of federal aid, New York State partnered with British investors to raise funds to build the 363-mile Erie Canal, which reduced transportation costs and established New York City as a major U.S. port. However, the advent of railways gradually replaced canals, as they were more flexible and faster, making transportation easier. Competition from the railways led to the closure of many canals and the cancellation of new canal projects. In addition, the article mentions the introduction of the telegraph, which complemented the development of railways and promoted more efficient communication. Eventually, the Western Union achieved better efficiency and service by merging small telegraph companies, and in 1861 completed the nation's first transcontinental telegraph line, leading to the cancellation of the "courier pony" service by the United States Postal Service.
6. The link between the extinction of large ice age animals (megafauna) in ancient Australia and climate change and the arrival of humans.
7、kangaroo rat。
8. The history of the development of canal and railway in the United States.
Listeningconversation
1. Discuss the development of realistic drama with the professor. The student asks the professor about what she missed in class, and the professor explains the concept of dramatic realism. Dramatic realism emerged in the 19th century and aims to help people better understand the world around them by reflecting the realities of the natural world and society. Students understand the importance of realist drama and the audience's response to it by comparing it with previous exaggerated plays. They also pointed out the influence of realism on today's TV shows and movies, pointing out the continued popularity of realist themes in modern times.
2. Renovation of the library. The student went to the library to find a place to study, the library was partially under renovation, and the student did not want to be in the general area, but he was a senior and did not have permission to go to the third floor, and the administrator suggested that he ask the professor to apply for special permission to use the study space on the third floor.
3. Dialogue between students and biology professors. Students were initially not interested in biology, but recently took a class and began to get interested. She realized that the neural processes by which birds learn to sing, and how to learn from their mistakes, may have implications for teaching. The professor explained the neural mechanisms by which birds learn to sing, as well as the associated genetic studies. Although the student did not know much about genetic research, she became interested in the study and research of biology and hoped to learn more about it. The professor advised her to consult professional journals and introduced a group of students who discussed similar issues.
4. Students talk to staff in the Student Activities Office. The students, who are members of the Campus Knitting Club, mentioned that last year they held a charity sale and donated the proceeds to the City Library. This year, as club president, he plans to partner with other community organizations to donate their knitted and knitted hats and gloves directly to those in need. The employee suggested that he partner with the Students** Association to host a clothing donation drive and provided information for the contact person. The students agreed and decided to consult with the vice president of the club before proceeding further.
5. Students wish to participate in the university's work-study program to meet the requirements for financial aid. The coordinator presented the job options on campus, and the students chose the on-campus bookstore and the job as a lab assistant. The coordinator reminded the students that the bookstore work was relatively regular, while the lab assistant needed to deal with technical issues and deal with stress. The student said that he was suitable for high-pressure work and decided to apply for the position of laboratory assistant.
lecture
1. Biofilm, the formation process of biofilms. Biofilm is a group of bacteria that grows on moist surfaces and has properties that individual bacteria do not have. Biofilm can form on almost any wet surface, such as pipes, sinks, floors, etc. The basic steps in biofilm formation involve bacteria attaching to a surface, multiplying, and releasing sticky substances to form a biofilm. In biofilms, bacteria are able to work together to form complex structures, such as waterways, in order to obtain nutrients and eliminate waste. Biofilms provide an evolutionary advantage to bacteria, making them resistant to removal measures. In recent years, there has been an increase in research on biofilms, aimed at better understanding the bacteria that attach to surfaces. and find ways to remove biofilm more effectively. In addition, in addition to the potential for damage, biofilms also have benefits in cleaning up contaminated environments.
2. History. It's about the development of drum, first of all, animals'Skin, then bamboo, then steel.
3. Chemistry. The lecture applied what was learned in the classroom to practice, and presented examples of two technological productivity, photosynthesis and bacteria. The former can only work during the day, so P's attitude is not optimistic, and the latter is more possible.
4. Literature. The history of the publication of Shakespeare's plays is discussed. In Shakespeare's time, drama was not seen as literature, but as a form of entertainment. Although some of Shakespeare's plays were published during his lifetime, they were all printed in quartorial format, which was considered an inconspicuous format at the time. A quarto refers to the size of the pages in a book, while in Shakespeare's time, large folio was often used for important scholarly works, while quarto was used for cheaper printing. Since plays were not considered important enough at the time, Shakespeare's plays were printed in quartorial format.
5. A mystery in earth science: Stomatolite. Stomatoite is a rock structure formed in shallow seawater, formed by bacteria, layered on top of each other. They were once widespread on Earth, but about a billion years ago, their fossil numbers declined dramatically and almost disappeared. However, we now know that there are still living Stomato stones in a few places in Australia, such as Shark Bay. One of the reasons for the disappearance of stomato may be related to the appearance of another structure, thrombolite, the formation of which is related to bacterial activity. Researchers shed some light on this mystery by experimentally discovering that stomato may have turned into thrombolites when affected by foraminifera.
6. Biology lectures, the theory of aging. Theories of aging can be broadly divided into two categories: circadian clock and free radical theory. The free radical theory is that free radicals produced by cells during metabolism damage cells and DNA, driving the aging process. Some studies have found that antioxidants such as SOD can reduce free radical damage and slow down aging. In addition, studies have shown that yeasts and nematodes that restrict caloric intake live longer, not because of a slowdown in metabolism, but because of the activation of genes associated with longevity. These studies challenge the theory of free radicals, suggesting that the cause of longer lifespan may be gene activation rather than metabolic slowdown.
7. Problems after the trees are cut down. Mainly talking about his sawdust, how he decomposes. A different approach was discussed. I was impressed that there was a way to burn it, saying that his ash would be washed away by the rain.
8. Astronomy, talking about red dwarf, it's very cool, and it's not very bright, and then it's not observable from milky way, and then it's about elliptical galaxy, and it's compared to another galaxy.
Spoken languageSpeak independently
task 1：
do you agree or disagree: happiness comes from helping others rather than helping yourself?Repeat 20210311 20210114
Do you agree: Happiness comes from helping others and not helping yourself?
Integrated Speaking
task 2：
The school is offering a new express line in dining hall to help students who are in a hurry during rush hour to save time. And this express line can also provide takeaway food, so students don't have to eat in the cafeteria.
The girl agrees in listening. Because one is that some students have a short recess time, and too long a queue will cause them to not be able to buy freshly prepared food, so even if there are fewer choices, these students are willing to buy food that has already been packaged. The second is that the girl has a group meeting every week, and she and the team eat in the cafeteria after discussing problems, but the environment there is too noisy for studying, and if you can take out, you will go to a quieter place to eat. Repeat 20210114
task 3：
The boomerang effect is a psychological phenomenon.
When people are told that a negative behavior is happening, that notification may actually lead to a further increase in this negative behavior. For example, a town wants people not to throw away litter, such as bottles, cans, and paper. So, the town sent a letter to each family, stating that the investigation found that people had failed to effectively ** garbage. The intention was to arouse people's attention to garbage**, but after receiving this letter, people who were already in garbage found that since most of their neighbors were not involved, they felt that their efforts were meaningless, so 10% stopped trashing**. The end result was that a few months after the letter was sent, I did a study again and found that there were fewer people doing garbage sorting. Repeat 20210114 20220205 20230205
task 4：
Subject:"Adaptability of aquatic organisms"(aquatic adaptations): the specific physiological and behavioral characteristics that organisms develop in the aquatic environment to adapt to changes in different water conditions. An example is adaptations for mudskippers to live in swamps
1. The mudskipper has evolved a strong and extend outward from their bodies, and when the water level drops, the mudskipper will use the front fin (front fin), and at the same time, it will also use the other fins like two hands to walk in the mud.
2. Swamp Fish can still breathe after leaving the water. Another example is mudskipper, the special gill (fish) of mudskipper can store water, so even when it leaves the water, mudskipper can still get oxygen from the water stored in the body.
WritingAcademic Discussion [New Topic].
your professor is teaching a class on sociology. write a post responding to the professor's question.
in your response, you should do the following.
express and support your opinion.
make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
an effective response will contain at least 100 words.
dr. diaz
one traditional method of classroom instruction is lecturing. lecturing involves the teacher talking about a topic for an extended period of time and expecting students to learn by listening attentively. today, some educators believe that teachers should limit how much time they spend lecturing and instead teach by encouraging in-class discussions and h**ing students work in groups. however, some teachers still teach primarily by lecturing. do you believe lecturing is an effective teaching method? why or why not?
claire
i believe lecturing can be an extremely effective way for professors to teach if they h**e strong communication skills. some of my most memorable classes h**e been taught by brilliant lecturers who captivated me with their engaging speaking style, ability to explain complex topics clearly, and passion for their subject matter.
paul
i don't think pure lecturing works well as a teaching method. without student participation, professors h**e no way to assess if students actually comprehend the material. students can easily zone out during long lectures if they are just passively listening. active learning through discussions, activities, and questions lets students engage with content and teachers identify gaps in understanding.
Integrated Writing
Read: Why is it so hard to stop the Blue Iguana extinction? Reading raises three difficulties.
1. Blue iguana was mistakenly killed by mistake for green iguana (the latter is a pest);
2. The lack of diversity in the blue iguana genes is already small on the island, which leads to inbreeding and genetic problems.
3. The work of protecting Blue Iguana is difficult. Blue iguana's larvae in captivity, in captivity, have many health problems, such as bone disease.
Listening gives 3 solutions.
1. Tie a colored rope on the blue iguana, there is a way to distinguish the difference between the blue iguana and the green iguana;
2. This species is also found in other regions, and some reproduction can be introduced to increase genetic diversity.
3. Change the feeding environment, such as a little more sunlight exposure and a little more various plants, to make up for the lack of natural environment, so as to better protect the blue lizard and promote its reproduction and survival.
part2Afternoon session
Read
1、the dvar**ati civilization。The foundations of Buddhist civilization in Southeast Asia were laid between the sixth and ninth centuries AD. During this period, a unique cultural complex called Dvar**ati, with Buddhism as its religion, was formed in central and northeastern Thailand, and was associated with the Mon people. Little is known about its history and geographical extent. However, many of its inscriptions are in Mon language, and it is believed that Dawaravati did not rise in the 6th century, more as a civilization than as an empire, using the land between Mataban Bay and the Gulf of Thailand**. Typically, the site complex is the densest and the most old, located on the edge of the central plain of Thailand. Those in the west are particularly famous, and coins inscribed with the inscription "Lord of Dvar**ati" were found there, which is the only local evidence of the name of the state.
2、 chemical defense of trees。Those who talk about the protective mechanism of plants will secrete chemical to protect themselves. There are two modes of protection, the qualitative mode is that the chemical secreted by the plant is very toxic and can kill herbivore in just a small amount; There is also a quantitative that is very toxic, but cumulatively affected by the digestive capacity of bad animals. Plants use a lot of nutrients to produce this chemical, so they don't produce a lot all the time, and they only produce in large quantities when they are in danger.
3、consolidated industry in the us 。The corporate laws passed in the United States in the 30s and 40s of the 19th century made it easier for business organizations to raise money by raising money from the public. The ability to reach the wider public*** enables entrepreneurs to raise large amounts of capital and take on large-scale projects. This led to the emergence of the Hyundai Corporation as a major American force after 1865. These large, national enterprises need a more systematic management structure. As a result, business leaders have introduced a suite of management techniques that rely on a systematic division of responsibilities, elaborate layers of control, careful cost accounting procedures, and, perhaps most importantly, a new type of corporate executive: middle managers, who form a layer of command between workers and owners. Another of the main features of a modern company is the ability to manage efficiently: integration (merging many things into one).
4、pleistocene extinctions。At the end of the Pleistocene (about 11,500 years ago), many large mammals became extinct. Large mammals in the Americas and Australia have been hit particularly hard. In Australia, 15 of the 16 species of large mammals are extinct; North America lost 33 of the 45 species of large mammals, and in South America, 46 of the 58 species of large mammals became extinct. By comparison, only 7 out of 23 such genera have disappeared in Europe, and only 2 out of 44 such genera have disappeared in sub-Saharan Africa. What caused these extinctions? Why did these extinctions mainly wipe out large mammals? Why are species extinctions most severe in Australia and the Americas? There is no fully satisfactory explanation yet, but two competing hypotheses are being discussed. One view is that rapid climate change at the end of the Pleistocene led to species extinctions, while another view is that prehistoric overkills were the responsibility of human hunters.
5. The impact of corn and potatoes on population growth.
Listeningconversation
1. The new station next to the school exhibits 4 shifts Student wants to go to another place for an internship or something The old station said it would be converted into a restaurant.
2. The student posed a question to the art professor who wanted to know if he could choose a painter who painted actual people and objects instead of Jackson Pollock. The professor explained that the purpose of the task was for students to try out different painting techniques, learning by imitating the style of famous painters. The professor suggested that students learn about Pollock's early works, such as "Journey West", so that they can better understand the process of his artistic development and provide more context and context for later drip paintings. By studying the works at different stages, students can better understand Pollock's creative intentions and stylistic variations, so that they can better complete their tasks.
3. The professor explained two different types of galaxies colliding: minor collisions and major collisions. A minor collision is when a large galaxy collides with a small galaxy, and the small galaxy becomes part of the larger galaxy; A major collision is when two galaxies of similar size collide with each other, usually just passing through each other. The professor expects students to choose an astronomical phenomenon they are studying to write an interim date**, and encourages students to refer to astronomical research journals to ensure that the topic is appropriate and discussed with the professor. Students ask questions about the fate of stars in galaxies colliding, and the professor explains that collisions do not affect stars due to the huge distances between them.
4. A student asks the teacher to discuss whether birds are affected by both genes and environment. Then he said that he got an internship at the zoo, and then he wanted to transfer one of his current research in the museum to a group with his classmates at the zoo. At first, the teacher was a little disagreeable that he would abandon a topic that he had been studying for a long time. He said that they didn't start much at all, and that someone in the zoo group had just dropped out of the class, and the teacher reluctantly agreed.
5. A student goes to seek guidance on writing *** but has no time The center of the Northern Campus is only open to engineering majors, but you can go to the Western Campus, but the student can't go to the class even if she has a class.
lecture
1. Climatology, which describes the occurrence of several ice ages in the past few million years, which refer to cold periods when glaciers cover most of the earth. These ice ages are intercessed by relatively warm climatic periods, which we call interglacial periods. The most recent ice age ended about 10,000 years ago, and now we are in an interglacial period. However, with global warming, the ice sheets are melting, probably because we burn fossil fuels, emitting greenhouse gases. How can we be sure that we are in between two ice ages? Through geological research, especially by examining ancient coral reefs, we know that glaciers advance and retreat every 100,000 years or so. These studies show that ice ages are regular, and Milankovich's theory explains why ice ages occur, arguing that the irregular movement of the Earth in space causes the periodicity of ice ages. This theory is widely accepted, but further other factors that may affect the climate, such as cloud cover and solar energy changes, are needed.
2. Nebra Disc and related facts.
3. Agricultural development.
4. Environmental science, talking about sewage treatment. The student said that all the water should be pumped up, but the professor said that it was too time-consuming and money-consuming, and then proposed a bio or something, using bacteria to deal with it, but it would take several years, and then said an iron or something method, this kind of thing is very small and can react quickly with pollution, and the reaction speed will not lead to by-products polluting the environment, but it can't deal with soil pollution, so I added a coating on it so that it can sink into soil.
5. Archaeology, introducing the Bronze Age's maritime routes, focusing on the discovery of the Ulubrunn shipwreck and its cargo. The Ulubrunn wreck was discovered off the coast of Turkey in 1982 and is a large vessel capable of carrying about 20 tons of cargo. The ship's cargo included copper, tin, glass from Egypt, pottery, African ivory, and a small amount of gold and silver. Through these goods, archaeologists have learned about the ** network and the direction of commodity flow at that time, among which the ** and trade flow of copper and tin are particularly important. Copper comes from the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean, while tin probably comes from Central Asia, confirming the direction of the flow of raw materials from east to west. The discovery of the Ulubrunn revealed a highly regulated network under state control, reflecting the complex social and economic relations of the time, which are rarely seen in terrestrial archaeological finds.
6. Biology, talking about the navigation of pigeons, said to use infrasound navigation, and then the experiment found that these birds flew to Jhil and disappeared, only one day these birds could fly back, saying that the weather was relatively warm.
7. The professor began by saying that there is controversy in the field of ** composition, one is the genre of "A" and the other is the genre of "M". Then he talked about how A is and M is the composer who wants to break the rule. There is a new word that starts with d, I can't remember exactly, but it's probably a proper noun in the way A uses m. The genre is based on poems, that is, lyrics, and their songs are mainly made for the emotion of the text, so they generally have words first and then there is a song, and then the professor said that many scholars will focus on the emotions expressed in their songs, but the professor said that he thinks that the songs and lyrics should be independent of each other.
8. Biology is about the conversion of organic matter into humus. Composting can speed up the conversion to humus. He also talked about several benefits and processes of composting, such as reducing toxins in contaminated soil. The process part talks about the environmental conditions for the growth of microorganisms and bacteria in the soil, such as the temperature should be moderate, and the soil should be turned frequently to let the air in.
Spoken languageSpeak independently
task 1：
when visiting a museum that allows photography, some people like to take photographs of the exhibits they see. others prefer to simply look at the exhibits and do not take photographs. which do you prefer?
Integrated Speaking
task 2：
The school will host a snack break at student center, and there will be some restaurants that offer free food samples, which can help new students familiarize themselves with the tastes of nearby regional restaurants, and at the same time, provide an opportunity to meet and socialize all students to get to know each other at the beginning of the new semester. In listening, I agreed that firstly, I can learn which ones I like to eat without spending money, and secondly, I can identify more students in the major.
task 3：
vacancy chains。in many ecosystems, resources are limited. however, certain limited resources are also reusable, and some species h**e developed systems for h**ing these reusable resources back to community. one such system is known as a vacancy chain. whethis occurs, an animal will le**e a resource behind when it has finished using it, which creates vacancy, or **ailability, for another animal to usethat resource. when another animal then begins using the resource. this initiates a chain reaction irwhich resources are passed along from animal to animal. using vacancy chains, animals withinspecies are able to access resources that mightotherwise be difficult to find.
Example: Hermit crabs. The shell on the hermit crab is not changed all the time, whenever the hermit crab grows up, it needs to look for new shells, and then researchers have found that when a hermit crab finds an empty shell, if the shell is too big, it will not leave immediately, but will wait next to this shell. Each hermit crab that passes by will try it once, and then gradually hundreds of them will gather together. Until, a hermit crab came that was just right to put on this shell, and then all the hermit crabs waiting there would try the shell of the herb crab in turn, until each hermit crab was replaced with a suitable shell.
task 4：
maximizing。two drawbacks of using maximizing when people make decisions, meaning people evaluate different possible options instead of just choosing the first option they find that's good enough.
Disadvantage 1: It leads to a waste of time and energy, because it will hesitate to make a choice very late. Example: Finding a house. A person with this problem will look for multiple houses, and in the end he may choose the first one he sees;
Disadvantage 2: It is possible to regret the things he did, or the above example, for example, after the person moved into the first apartment, when he sat in the living room and found that the lighting was not very good, he regretted it a little, because he also saw an apartment with a large floor-to-ceiling window when he was looking at the house before, and he would regret it.
WritingAcademic discussions[Repeat 2023.]10.18 Original questions of the exam].
doctor
this week, we'll be discussing the future of education. let's focus now on the following viewpoint: it is no longer useful to spend many years pursuing a traditional, specialized university degree in a single field, such as communications or economics. instead, it makes more sense for most people to complete several shorter certification programs and earn certificates in, for example, project management, computer programming, graphic design, and so on. do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? why?
andrew
i strongly support this approach because it aligns with the changing preferences of many individuals in the modern world who often wish to switch majors or career paths. embracing certification programs allows people to explore and pursue the fields they are passionate about without the commitment of lengthy degree programs.
claire
university education is a superior choice due to its comprehensive and specialized nature. while certification programs offer quick training, universities provide a more in-depth understanding of a subject. they encourage critical thinking, research skills, and a broader knowledge base. university degrees often lead to higher earning potential and career opportunities.
**10,000 Fans Incentive Plan Comprehensive Writing Reading: In order to prevent the hunting of rhinos, a rhino relocation plan has been implemented. But there are also those who think that this plan will not work. Read on to say three reasons why it doesn't work.
1. There are very few rhinos, each one is important, and the mortality rate is high on the way to relocate;
2. The population is very small, which is not good for the fallen rhino, and relocate will lead to problems in breeding, and the male rhino needs a long time to grow;
3. Destination Botswana, which is also very dangerous, there will be Poachers poaching Rhinos and then selling, which will not change the situation of Rhinos being hunted in the end.
Listen to the rebuttal (in favor of this plan).
1. Although the disability rate exists, it is a minor short-term risk in transportation; In the long term, there are benefits to a transfer plan. If you keep the rhinos in place, they will eventually be killed by the hunters. The risk of poaching is greater in South Africa than in the short-term danger of transport, and the mortality rate of short-term hazards in transport is not as high.
2. The population will balance itself and plan how many male rhinos will be transferred for breeding, so that the relationship chain (bond) of the rhino will not be broken.
3. The Botswana state has provisions restricting poachers from poaching. There are anti-hunting laws, and the land is more expansive, so it is more difficult for hunters to spend more time looking for rhinos, which is a good way to stop them from hunting rhinos.
That's 23 TOEFL offline test recall, if you have more supplements, please leave a message in the comment area of [Leige TOEFL]!