King Ji sank without a way, and Shang Tang destroyed Xia to show his majesty.
The people's will is in accordance with the will of heaven, and the banner of righteousness is held high.
Last time, it was said that at the end of the Xia Dynasty, Jun Ji was tyrannical and unreasonable, and finally reaped the fruits of his own life and was destroyed by the soup of the Shang tribe. So what's going on in the Shang Dynasty, ladies and gentlemen, please continue to look down.
Tangwu Revolution. The Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin and Yin Shang (1600 BC - 1046 BC), was the second dynasty in Chinese history and the first dynasty with direct written records of the same period (which marked China's entry into the era of letter history). The Shang Dynasty went through three major phases. The first stage is "pre-consultation"; The second stage is called "early business"; The third stage is called "Late Shang", which has been passed down from generation to generation in 17 generations and 21 kings, and has lasted for more than 500 years.
Map of the situation of the Shang Dynasty (** from the Internet).
1. The origin of the country name.
According to the "Historical Records", during the reign of Emperor Shun, the ancestor of the merchant Qi helped Dayu to control the water and was enshrined in Shangyi (now Shangqiu, Henan), given the surname, and established his own Fang country - Shang State, which is the origin of the "Shang" tribe.
The Shang Dynasty moved the capital 14 times from the first Shang to the late Shang, until Pangeng settled the capital in Yinxu (now Anyang City, Henan Province), and did not move the capital in the next 273 years, so the Shang Dynasty is also called the Yin Dynasty. It is also sometimes referred to as Yin Shang or Yin. "Dayi Shang" or "Tianyi Shang" was the honorific title given by the merchants to Shangyi (now Shangqiu), the old capital of the Shang Kingdom where the temple of the Shang Xianwang Zongmiao was located, and had begun to call the army "Shangfang" during the war. It is unclear whether the merchant is a generic term for the country as a whole.
A complete map of the Shang period.
The oracle bone inscriptions and gold inscriptions (also known as "inscriptions" because they are mostly engraved on bronze objects) in the Shang Dynasty are the earliest systematic written symbols found in China. Early early documents such as the oracle bone script and the ancient book "Bamboo Book Chronicle" also refer to this dynasty as "Shang", while documents such as "Shangshu" and "Historical Records" refer to the Shang dynasty as "Yin", both of which have appeared in pre-Qin literature**. The present "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and other documents of the Yuan and Ming dynasties call it "Yin Shang". In pre-Qin literature, the Shangshu Summoning used "Dabang Yin" to refer to Shang. However, in the excavated divination materials, no oracle bone script that can be interpreted as "Yin" has been found, so we are more inclined to call it "Shang" at present.
Oracle. After the discovery of the Yinxu site in Anyang in the first half of the 20th century, the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions almost completely confirmed the lineage of the Shang kings recorded in Sima Qian's "Historical Records". Archaeological evidence now proves that there were also fairly developed civilizations in the non-Central Plains outside the Shang Dynasty's control. For example, the Sanxingdui culture centered on Chengdu and Guanghan, and the Tanheli site in Ningxiang, Hunan.
Bronze tripod of the Shang Dynasty.
2. The pre-Shang period.
According to the "Historical Records", the first ancestor of Shang was born to Emperor Yu and his second concubine Jian Di (the daughter of the Youlu tribe). In the final analysis, the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty are also the imperial bloodline of the Eight Classics. It is said that on that day, Jian Di and the others went to bathe in the river, and saw that the Xuanniao laid an egg, and after eating it, they became pregnant and gave birth to a contract. "The Book of Poetry, Shang Song, Xuanniao" also says that "the Xuanniao of Destiny descends to give birth to business". Therefore, the merchant's totem should be the Xuanniao. When Emperor Yao came to power, he was given the title of Situ, and later he was named King Xuan ("Chinese Zhou Yuxia": King Xuan was diligent and merchant, and he was prosperous in four out of ten. ）。When Emperor Shun arrived, he assisted Dayu in controlling the water, and was sealed in Shangyi (now Shangqiu, Henan), and since then he has officially established his own Fang State - Shang State. After that, although the capital was moved many times, later generations were still accustomed to calling their tribes by merchants, which was also in line with the organizational characteristics of the clan tribes in China at that time.
Since then, the family of Qi has justifiably proliferated under the name of "Shang". After the death of the deed, Zhaoming ("Historical Records, Volume 3, Yin Benji III": Deed, son Zhaoming. He succeeded to the throne, inherited the will of the deed (also known as "Yan Bo"), opened up the territory, and successively carried out activities in the area of the domain and the stone (40 kilometers east of today's Pinglu County, Shanxi Province), and built a capital in the town.
Throughout the middle and early Xia Dynasty, the Shang tribe has been living their lives honestly. Even during the period of Houyi and Han Xun's theft of power, the Shang tribe lived quietly and honestly. After the Xia Wang Xiang fled from Shangqiu to the Shenguan (Diqiu) clan, the Shang tribe was in Zhaoming's son Xiangtu ("Historical Records, Volume 3, Yin Benji III": Zhaoming died, and the son was established. He moved back to his hometown of Shangqiu.
With the blessing of the carriage, the combat power and productivity of the Ministry of Commerce have been greatly improved.
After that, Zixiangtu tamed the horse, invented the carriage, and began to develop near the eastern Taishan. In the middle of the Xia Dynasty, the fifth grandson of Qi, Ming died in the water due to water control, and the people of the Shang tribe sacrificed to him in the "suburbs". The sixth grandson of Qi, Hai, tamed the oxen, in addition to using the ox to plough the land, he also invented the ox cart, used the ox to pull goods, and began to develop the business of bartering**, so that the Shang country gradually became stronger. This may be the origin of the word "merchant" today. By the end of the Xia Dynasty, when the fourteenth generation of Qi ("Chinese Zhou Yuxia") Youyun: "King Xuan (referring to the ancestor of Shang) Qi, Qin Shang, four out of ten and prosperous"), Shang had become a relatively powerful Fang state in the east.
3. The Early Shang Period (the rise of power).
Since the beginning of the Xia Dynasty, the ruling power has taken a sharp turn, and when the fourth generation of the Xia Dynasty succeeded to the throne, it was already in danger and was in serious internal and external difficulties. At the same time, the Shang clan, which arose in the East, developed greatly and gradually became stronger. In the middle of the Xia Dynasty, the sixth grandson of Qi, Wang Hai, gradually strengthened the power of Shang by carrying out commerce**, and at the end of the Xia Dynasty, the power of Shang developed from the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the middle reaches and penetrated into the ruled area of Xia.
Xia Shang. By the time it reached the fourteenth generation of Sun Shang Tang, the Shang tribe had already accumulated the strength to destroy Xia. Tang is Tianyi, surnamed "Zi", the oracle bone inscription is called Da Yi, later generations are customarily called Chengtang, is a very cultivated Shang chief, he became the leader of the Shang tribe, saw that the Xia Dynasty is becoming increasingly decaying, Xia's ** has caused the rebellion of the people, so he set out to establish a new dynasty. In order to prepare for the destruction of Xia, Shang Tang moved the capital of Shang from Shangqiu (near the ancient city of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan) to Hao (35 miles southwest of Gushu Town, Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan) in the fifteenth year of Xia Ji. Tang built a new national capital here, accumulated grain and grass, recruited men and horses, and trained to create favorable conditions for training the army in the battle of exterminating the summer.
SenseTime. Tang Yide Liwei, strong soldiers, so that the neighboring tribes have been attached. In fact, the Shang clan was still at the end of the clan society before the destruction of Xia. At this time, every tribe in the entire land of China was full of inequality, slavery, and exploitation. As the co-leader of the tribal alliance, this contradiction is even more acute and prominent. SenseTime, on the other hand, pays great attention to coordinating and alleviating internal contradictions, and strives to gain domestic support as much as possible. "Tang governs the people with leniency, and eliminates its evil" (from the pre-Qin anonymous "Exhibition of Birds" on the Ritual Dwelling) "Dreaming of sleeping at night, so as to be clear." Light endowment and thinness, in order to leniency the people. Bud is benevolent to the poor. Hang yourself to raise orphans and widows. The people are attached to each other, and the government decree is popular" (from "Huainanzi Xuwu Xun"). Cheng Tang's diligent administration, weak and sympathetic to the people's feelings and other measures played a very significant role in winning the hearts of the people, consolidating the rule, and accumulating the power to destroy the Xia.
Raise the army and fight the summer. His actions not only won the support of his own people, but also made the Xia people and the people of other countries yearn for it. Therefore, there is also a situation of "Tang Xiude, all princes return to business" (from "Historical Records: Xia Benji"). The so-called Mu Xiu will be destroyed by the forest wind and the gun will shoot the first bird, and Shang Tang's series of operations will inevitably attract the attention of Xia Wang Jiji. Out of suspicion, Xia Wang Ji summoned Shang Tang (also said to take the initiative to conquer) and imprisoned him in Xiatai.
While bribing the powerful ministers around Xia Wei, he showed weakness and loyalty to paralyze Xia Wei, and after finally escaping, Shang Tang stepped up the growth of his power. For example, the virtuous ministers Yi Yin and Zhong Yu were appointed as the left and right ministers, and further strengthened the troops and horses, accumulating strength for the destruction of Xia.
Fourth, destroy Xia and build the country.
1.Jing Bo's life and "Willing Oath".
Shang Tang moved from the old capital of Shangqiu to the north of Jing Bo (one says the north of Shangqiu, Henan, and the other says the south of Cao County, Shandong), and here together with the princes of all parties, convened a pledge meeting to cut down the Ji, known as the "life of Jing Bo", in which Shang Tang counted the crimes of Xia Ji and hyped up the people's hatred of Ji, and pointed out the justice and necessity of the war to destroy Xia under the pretense of God's will, pointing out that the destruction of Xia was an order of God and could not be violated, and those who had merit would be rewarded, and those who did not obey would be severely punished. This is the "Book of Shang Tang Oath" that has been preserved to this day. Shang Tang started his army from the beginning, and the spearhead was directed at the summer capital.
2.Cut off the wings of the Xia Dynasty.
After the end of the oath meeting, Shang Tang immediately raised troops to defeat Xia Wang. Before the decisive battle with the Xia King, he first destroyed the individual Fang tribes that were still under the command of the Xia King at this time. "Poems, Shang Song, Long Hair": "Wei, Gu Jihua, Kunwu Xiaji". Zheng Xuan annotated as: "Wei Peng's surname is also." Gu and Kunwu both have their own surnames (that is, Xia Chaoguo's surname '姒') also. The Three Nations are evil". Therefore, Shang Tang first defeated and destroyed the two Fang kingdoms of Wei and Gu, and then destroyed Kunwu. This is precisely to show that the reason why Shang Tang crusaded against the three kingdoms of Wei, Gu, and Kunwu was because they were still supporting the Xia Wang. The last of the Three Kingdoms to perish was Kunwu, "When it was, Xia Wei was abusive and promiscuous, and the princes Kunwu was in chaos." Tang Naixing led the princes, Yi Yin from Tang, Tang Zi took Yue to replace Kunwu, and then cut down the Jie. (Excerpt from "Historical Records: Yin Benji") So far, Xia Ji's wings have all been cut off.
At the same time, Xia Wang Ji was still immersed in the sound of dogs and horses at that time, and he did not take serious precautions against Shang Tang's attack. When Shang Tang's army arrived, "left without taking the blade", and the Shang army could be described as bloodless.
3.The Great Battle of Xia Shang - Narujo's Station.
The Shang Tang army marched all the way, while the Xia army was defeated all the way and fled to Mingtiao (now the west of Xia County, Shanxi Province), and there was no way to retreat Xia Shang finally launched a decisive battle, only one round, the Xia army was defeated by the Shang army, and the Xia Wang Ji fled to Nanchao (a saying that today's Chaohu Lake, Anhui) and died.
After the destruction of Xia, Tang Hui Shi Haoyi Assembly princes, formally established the Shang Dynasty, and set the capital in Hao (now 35 miles southwest of Gushu Town, Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan). "Tang Naijian is the eldest son, and he is the next generation of Xia." At this point, Shang Tang completed the important task of destroying Xia and established the second slave dynasty in Chinese history, the Shang Dynasty.
The establishment of the Shang Dynasty greatly promoted the development of productive forces and brought about a turning point in the progress of ancient civilization. After the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, in order to resist natural disasters, the capital was moved repeatedly, and the economic level was very low, but Shang Tang learned the lessons of the fall of the Xia Dynasty and implemented benevolent government, which won the support of the people, and the Shang Dynasty's power was initially consolidated.
is the so-called: the Shang people rose in the southeast, and the Tang King was wise and revitalized the country.
The soldiers and horses conquered the world, and the Xia Dynasty collapsed like a palm.
Benevolent government implements the prosperity of all industries, and Shangtang is graceful and prosperous.
Retired after success, and will never forget it for future generations.
And what the future of the Shang Dynasty will be, we will see next time.