Overview of Masterpieces
Read the contents of "Classic Conversations".
"Saying the text and interpreting the word first".
At the end of the Warring States period before the Qin Dynasty, China was in an era of cultural prosperity. Due to the increasing frequency of exchanges between countries, the need for a unified script has become urgent. It is in this historical context that the legend of Cangjie character creation came into being, symbolizing the beautiful vision of the unity of writing and cultural integration.
In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, not only realizing the unification of the territory, but also promoting the unification of culture. He ordered the unification of the text into small seals, which were both standardized and easy to read, and greatly promoted the spread and exchange of culture. With the passage of time, Lishu gradually evolved from the small seal and became the main writing method after the Qin Dynasty.
By the end of the Han Dynasty, the official script gradually changed in the process of writing, from the original oval shape to the flat square, and this new form of official script was called "Han Li". The emergence of Han Li not only enriches the form of calligraphy, but also reflects the artistry and creativity of Chinese character writing.
In the Wei and Jin dynasties, Lishu continued to evolve and gradually became the "main book". This script was more standardized and upright, and became the main form of writing for official documents and classics. With the advancement of history, the main book was also called "Lishu" during the Jin to Tang Dynasty, and the original "Han Li" was called "Bafenshu", reflecting the depth and richness of the history of Chinese character writing.
In the Jin Dynasty, the main book was further simplified, forming the "Xingshu". Xingshu not only retains the standardization of the main script, but also increases the fluency and artistry of writing, and has become a favorite form of writing for literati and ink writers. At the same time, the Jin Dynasty also appeared in the form of "regular script", which was renamed "true script" in the Song Dynasty, which further enriched the diversity and cultural connotation of Chinese character writing.
"Zhou Yi Second".
At the end of the Warring States period, Taoism and the theory of yin and yang were all the rage and became the mainstream of social thought at that time. However, Confucian scholars did not abandon their adherence to and development of Confucian philosophy. They skillfully used the medium of hexagram and cleverly integrated Confucian philosophical ideas into it, so that it has been passed down to this day. This important document is what we call Yi Chuan today.
In addition to the Yi Chuan, there are two important biographies - Wenyan and Zhici. These two works also carry the wisdom and painstaking efforts of Confucian scholars, and have made indelible contributions to the inheritance and development of Confucian philosophy.
With the evolution of history, in the Han Dynasty, three more biographies were discovered, which are "Saying Hexagrams", "Preface Hexagrams" and "Miscellaneous Hexagrams". Although these three works are slightly more mysterious than the first two biographies, they also contain profound philosophical thoughts. Later, these three biographies became collectively known as Yi Yi and became an indispensable part of the treasury of Confucian philosophy.
During this period, Confucian scholars not only carried forward Confucian philosophy with the help of the unique form of hexagrams, but also skillfully used various rhetorical devices, so that these works maintained a high degree of professionalism and were full of artistic beauty. These biographies not only provide us with valuable philosophical thoughts, but also provide rich academic resources for future generations of researchers.
In short, during the period from the end of the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty, Confucian scholars successfully carried forward Confucian philosophy through the skillful use of hexagrams and rhetorical devices, leaving us with a valuable cultural heritage. These works are not only of high academic value, but also an important window for us to understand the development of Confucian philosophy.
"Shangshu III".
Shangshu is an ancient book that brings together the precious documents of the Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, which is not only the earliest historical document in China, but also a treasure of Chinese culture. The content is rich and colorful, including a large number of orders, edicts, admonitions, etc., these words are important speeches announced by the ruler to the public, reflecting the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the society at that time. In these commands, we can feel the wisdom and strategy of the ancient rulers. Not only are they good at using words to convey their will, but they are also able to use different wording and tones according to different occasions and objects to achieve the best results. These orders had a very high authority and influence in the society at that time, and played an important role in maintaining social order and promoting social development. In addition to the commands, the Shangshu also contains a number of dialogues and accounts between the monarchs and ministers. Although these texts are small in number, they are of high historical value. They record the political struggles, economic changes, cultural blending and other aspects of the society at that time, and provide valuable information for us to understand ancient history. It should be pointed out that although most of the content of the Shangshu is an authentic historical record, some of it was made by people in the last years of the Warring States period. These texts may have been processed and adapted, but their historical value cannot be ignored. They provide us with more perspectives and space to think, allowing us to understand more fully what ancient societies were like. In short, the Book of Shang is a precious historical document, which records the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of ancient society, and provides an important reference for us to understand ancient history. At the same time, it is also an important part of Chinese culture, which is of great significance for us to inherit and promote traditional culture. "The Book of Songs, Fourth".
In the distant Spring and Autumn Period, poetry was not only an expression of emotions, but also an important tool for social communication. People use poems to express ideas, convey information, and even use them in diplomatic negotiations. During this period, poetry was not just a combination of words, but also an elegant art form, which was loved by all levels of society.
Confucius, the great thinker and educator, had a deep love for poetry. He not only uses poetry as a teaching tool, but also uses poetry to explain the truth of life and the essence of learning. In Confucius's time, poetry was not only an expression of emotion, but also the crystallization of wisdom, and an important carrier of Confucius's philosophical thoughts.
With the spread of Confucius thought and the rise of Confucianism, the "Three Hundred Poems" gradually became an important part of the Confucian classics. This huge collection of 300 poems not only contains rich historical, cultural and philosophical connotations, but also is an important support for the Confucian ideological system. Under the influence of Confucius, the "Three Hundred Poems" was not only endowed with profound cultural connotations, but also became one of the "Six Classics" of Confucianism, which had a profound impact on later generations.
It can be said that the poetry of the Spring and Autumn Period, the poetry education of the Confucius Era, and the later process of the "Three Hundred Poems" becoming Confucian classics all show the important position of poetry in ancient Chinese society. It is not only an art form, but also a cultural inheritance and a carrier of ideas. Under the guidance of Confucius, poetry flourished and became an indispensable part of the treasure house of Chinese culture.
"Three Rites and the Fifth".
During the Han Dynasty, Confucian scholars were keen to inherit and study the ancient ritual system, dividing it into three kinds of scriptures and countless "records". These three scriptures are the "Rites", "The Ancient Scriptures of Rites" and "The Rites of the Week". These three classics, from different angles and levels, elaborate on the norms and systems of ancient etiquette.
"Notes" is a miscellaneous account of the history of the ritual system and the change of the ritual system by Confucian scholars, or an in-depth ** and discussion of the ritual system. In the Han Dynasty, these "records" were numerous and varied. However, with the passage of time, many "records" have been lost, and only 38 "Da Dai Ji" and 49 "Xiao Dai Ji" have been handed down to this day.
These precious ancient books are not only an important window for us to understand the ancient etiquette system, but also a testimony to the in-depth research and inheritance of etiquette culture by Confucian scholars. They vividly depict the rich connotation and unique charm of ancient etiquette with concise words, revealing the style of ancient society and the profound heritage of Confucian culture for us.
In the process of studying these ancient books, we can not only appreciate the solemnity and elegance of ancient etiquette, but also appreciate the love and persistence of Confucian scholars for etiquette and culture. They have passed down these precious cultural heritages to the present day, giving us a glimpse of the magnificence and profundity of ancient ceremonial culture.
"Spring and Autumn Three Transmissions Sixth (Chinese Attached)".
Zuo Chuan, The Ram Biography and The Grain Liang Biography are known as the "Three Biography", and these three biographical works occupy a pivotal position in ancient Chinese philology. They are not only the interpretation and annotation of the important historical document of the Spring and Autumn Period, but also a profound reflection of the social, political, cultural and other aspects of that era.
In the process of interpreting "Spring and Autumn", Sanbao pays special attention to its role of persuasion and punishment. This kind of exhortation and punishment is not a simple moral admonition, but through an in-depth analysis of the deep-seated reasons behind historical events, it reveals the laws of social operation and the complex and multifaceted aspects of human nature, so as to achieve the purpose of guiding people to be good and avoid making mistakes. This way of interpretation not only makes the historical book of Spring and Autumn more in-depth and wide, but also provides a unique interpretation perspective for ancient Chinese historical philology.
In the process of interpreting **, the three setters sometimes ignore the context and chisel through the chisels, but this is what makes them unique. This way of interpretation not only reflects the authors' in-depth understanding and unique insights on **, but also reflects the way of thinking and values of people in that era. Although this interpretation may seem far-fetched at times, it is this eclectic way of thinking that makes Sanchuan a treasure in ancient Chinese philology.
Among the three biographies, "The Legend of the Ram" and "The Legend of the Grain Beam" are mainly based on exegesis, and they help readers better understand and grasp the historical background and deep meaning of the "Spring and Autumn Period" through detailed interpretation and commentary. On the other hand, Zuo Biography pays more attention to narrative, which refers to many historical documents and materials, and describes in detail the historical events and characters of the Spring and Autumn Period, providing us with a comprehensive and in-depth historical perspective. These different ways of interpretation and styles make the three biographies unique and complementary to each other, and together constitute a beautiful landscape in ancient Chinese philology.
The Seventh of the Four Books
As a Confucian classic, the order of the Four Books contains profound philosophical significance. First of all, "University", as the opening work, aims to guide readers to clarify the road of life, distinguish between right and wrong, and then devote themselves to self-cultivation and family governance. This was followed by The Mean, a work that emphasized the importance of the Middle Way, the pursuit of balance and harmony, and embodied the core values of Confucianism. Then there is the "Analects", a book that brings together Confucius and his words and deeds, contains a wealth of wisdom and philosophy of life, and has had a profound impact on later generations. Finally, there is Mencius, which further develops Confucianism, emphasizing the idea of the inherent goodness of human nature and providing an in-depth exposition of the idea of benevolent government.
The Five Classics are another important part of the Confucian classics. The Book of Changes uses the principle of yin and yang to reveal the law of change of all things in the universe; The Book of Shang records the words, deeds, and decrees of ancient emperors, reflecting the evolution of ancient political culture. The Book of Songs shows the life and emotions of the ancient people in the form of poetry; The Book of Rites elaborates on the etiquette system of ancient society and embodies the Confucian conception of social order. The Spring and Autumn Period records the history of the Lu and Zhou dynasties in the form of a chronicle, showing Confucianism's profound insight into historical changes.
Among them, the "University" in the "Book of Rites" was originally an independent work, but Zhu Xi divided it into one chapter of the Sutra and ten chapters of the Biography in his commentary, which made its structure clearer. As a book taught by Confucius, "The Mean" records the profound philosophy comprehended by Confucius, which is of great significance for understanding Confucianism. As for the "Analects", it is a record of Confucius's words and deeds carefully recorded by Confucius, which contains ideas such as "gentleman", "benevolence", "loyalty and forgiveness", as well as learning methods such as "Shi Xi", "Que Doubt", "Good Ancient", "Yu Anti", "Choosing Goodness", "Difficult Learning", etc., are all valuable assets worthy of our lifelong learning. Finally, the book "Mencius" is said to have been jointly compiled by Mencius himself, his ** Gongsun Chou, Wan Zhang and others, and the views expounded in it such as the idea of benevolence and the inherent goodness of human nature are of great significance for understanding the development of Confucianism.
In short, the Four Books and the Five Classics, as representatives of Confucian classics, contain rich philosophical ideas and wisdom of life. Through in-depth study of these classics, we can better understand the essence of Confucian culture, comprehend the true meaning of life, and then guide our words and deeds, so as to achieve personal growth and social progress.
"Warring States Policy Eighth".
During the Warring States period, relations between the vassal states were tense to the extreme, and the shadow of war hung over every corner. In order to survive and develop in this troubled era, monarchs of various countries have begun to pay attention to diplomatic strategies, and strategists have become important chess pieces in their hands. These strategists are not only proficient in the way of war, but also good at using deceit and trickery to fight for the interests of the country.
However, it is not easy to stand out among these strategists. They need to have a broad knowledge reserve and a thorough understanding of the national conditions, history, and culture of each country in order to be comfortable in complex international relations. At the same time, they also need to have subtle tact, and be able to flexibly use words according to different objects and different occasions to achieve the best diplomatic effect.
It was in this context that Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty began to organize the rhetoric of these strategists. On the basis of his predecessors, he meticulously sorted out and polished these precious historical materials, and finally compiled the "Warring States Policy", a work that has been handed down through the ages. In this work, we can see the wisdom and courage of the strategists, and we can also feel the important role they played during the Warring States period. With their wisdom and strategy, they have contributed to the prosperity of the country and have become an indispensable part of history.
"Historical Records of the Han Book IX".
Sima Qian, the great historian, embarked on a journey of wandering around the world at an early age. He went deep into the people, carefully observed the customs and habits of various places, and collected a wealth of rumors and folk tales. He has great ambitions for the study of history, hoping to gain insight into the mysteries of heaven and earth, understand the changes between the past and the present, and record them in the form of a family story. It was this kind of historical knowledge that enabled him to create China's first general history in the form of biographies, "Historical Records". In the Han Dynasty, the Records of the Historian was known as the Taishi Gongshu, which is not only a historical masterpiece, but also a document full of wisdom and insights. When Sima Qian was composing, he carefully designed five styles, which made the whole history book rigorous in structure and rich in content. The first is the Twelve Chronicles, which records the emperor's deeds in detail and shows the course of history through chronology. This is followed by the Ten Tables, which are mainly based on the chronological chronology, so that the reader can clearly see the historical context. The eighth book describes the evolution of the canonical system, revealing for us the institutional changes in ancient society. The Thirty Families recorded the survival and decline of the Hou States for generations, showing us the rise and fall of the ancient vassal states. Finally, there are the Seventy Columns, which chronicle various personalities and enable us to gain insight into the various personalities and events of ancient societies. After "Historical Records", although there are many sequels, most of them have the problem of favoritism or vulgarity. In order to make up for these deficiencies, Ban Biao sorted out and supplemented the "Historical Records" and wrote a sixty-five "Later Biography". This work inherits the spirit of Sima Qian and provides valuable historical materials for future generations. Ban Biao's contribution lies not only in his collation and supplementation work, but also in his inheritance and development of Sima Qian's thought. "The Tenth of the Sons".
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the giant wheel of history rolled forward, and the authority of the Zhou royal family gradually dimmed like the afterglow of the setting sun. The rituals and music and dance of that era were scattered all over the ground like gravel blown away by the wind, and it was difficult to find their integrity. However, in this seemingly chaotic and disorderly era, there is a group of talented people, who are like bright stars, lighting up the sky of history. They use wisdom and courage to explore the true meaning of life and draw a blueprint for the future.
This group of people is what we later call Zhuzi, and most of their doctrines and ideas can be called "philosophy". Each of them, like a mountain, independent and resilient, stands on their own peaks, looking out at every corner of the world, trying to find a way to the future for this era.
And most of these sons were born as professional "scholars". In the feudal system, "shi" was originally only the last level of the aristocratic class, but in the special period of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the definition of "shi" changed dramatically. They were no longer mere appendages of the aristocracy, but gradually evolved into a generic term for talented, wise, and courageous people. With their wisdom and courage, they have injected new vitality and hope into this era.
In this great change, they not only influenced that era with their own doctrines and thoughts, but also shaped the fate of future generations with their own actions and choices. Their wisdom and courage are like beacons, illuminating our way forward, and providing us with endless inspiration and reflection.
"The Eleventh Resignation".
Qu Yuan, a superstar in Chinese history, with his outstanding talent and deep patriotic feelings, is forever engraved in our memory. His "Chu Ci", especially "Lisao" and "Nine Chapters", each of them is full of his deep thoughts and endless emotions during his exile. These chapters, like a wall of echoes of history, allow us to travel through the millennium and listen to the beating of his sincere heart. And Xunzi, the ancient sage, opened the prelude to the style of "Fu" with his "Fu Chapter". In the Fu Chapter, he skillfully arranged the dialogue between the guest and the subject, asking and answering each other, constituting the structure of the whole text, and this unique style was imitated by later Fu scholars, forming a unique atmosphere of Fu literature. The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles and Poems are classified into four categories in a more detailed manner, making the literature more colorful. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu's "Liangdu Fu" and Zhang Heng's "Erjing Fu" came out one after another, which not only inherited the excellent traditions of their predecessors, but also innovated in content and form, and became classics of Fu literature. Zuo Si's "Sandu Fu" in the Jin Dynasty pushed Futi literature to a new peak, and its exquisite skills and profound ideological connotation made this work a treasure in the history of Chinese literature. Psalm Twelfth
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to enrich the court culture, a special Yuefu institution was set up to extensively collect songs and music scores from Dai, Zhao, Qin, Chu and other places for the use of court transmission and singing. This initiative not only promoted the prosperity and development of various art forms such as **, dance, and poetry, but also provided valuable resources and inspiration for literary and artistic creation in later generations.
With the passage of time, by the end of the Han Dynasty, literary creation gradually moved towards the refinement, that is, focusing on the tempering of language and the precision of expression. The formation of this style is not only related to the changes in the social and political environment at that time, but also inseparable from the pursuit and exploration of literature and art by literati and artists.
In the Jin Dynasty, poetry creation gradually became an example and allusion, and Xuanyan poetry also began to flourish. Through the use of rhetorical techniques such as confrontation and comparison, poets make poems more neat and beautiful, and at the same time, they also pay more attention to the use of allusions to express more profound artistic conception and emotion.
The Tang Dynasty was one of the most glorious periods in the history of Chinese literature, and poetry creation reached its peak. During this period, harmony developed into the mainstream, and new forms of poetry such as lyric poetry and quatrains emerged. These forms of poetry not only pay attention to the beauty of language and the accuracy of expression, but also pay more attention to the expression of emotions and the creation of artistic conception.
In the early Song Dynasty, poets began to specialize in Li Shangyin's poetic style, but as time passed, the last stream only knew the duality of allusions, and lacked innovation and breakthroughs. However, during the Southern Song Dynasty, there were three major poets, and their poetic works were all changed from the Jiangxi School, injecting new vitality and innovation into Chinese poetry creation.
"Wen XIII".
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, exchanges between countries became more and more frequent, and the importance of diplomatic rhetoric became more and more prominent. These words are not only related to the national system and the interests of the country, but also have been given the reputation of "words". They are like sharp swords, which can not only turn war into jade silk, but also stir up the smoke of war. In that turbulent era, the wind of lobbying prevailed, and wise men such as Confucius created a precedent for private lectures, and their thoughts and wisdom were recorded in private writings and passed down to this day.
With the rise of lobbying, memoirs have gradually emerged, and they are closely linked to the development of the conference and complement each other. Since the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Cifu has become the darling of the literary world, and those gorgeous rhetoric and deep emotions are condensed in this short chapter. In the era of Prince Liang Zhaoming, he clearly put forward the standard of "literature" for the first time in the "Anthology of Literature", which set a model for later generations of literary creation.
Subsequently, two new genres, Buddhist scriptures and Yishu, emerged, which injected new vitality into literature. The introduction of Buddhist thought has brought new enlightenment to the literary world, and Yishu has become an important tool for interpreting the classics. Since Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, ancient texts have gradually become the authentic ones in the literary world, they are concise, clear, and far-reaching, and have become the object of imitation by later generations of literati and writers.
During the Song Dynasty, with the rise of civic culture, a new literary form of "discourse" also came into being. They are colloquial and easy to understand expressions, and are loved by the general public. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Baguwen became the main literary style of the imperial examination, and its rigorous format and empty content limited the innovation of literature to a certain extent, but also promoted the development of literature in a more standardized direction.
Original good question test
"Classic Conversations" isWrote a book about the classics of traditional Chinese culture, in which the origin of Chinese characters is introduced, let us knowThe legend of word-making. An ancient dictionary was introduced, namely Xu Shen's ".This is an epoch-making book of words.
2.It is recommended when reading the ClassicsFor students who are interested in history, you can read "Warring States Policy VIII", "Historical Records Hanshu IX", etc.
3.The earliest ballads are divided into Songs and SongsSong, the former isSinging, the latter is withSing.
4.Confucianism praises the "rites", including the political systemWait a minute.
5.The name "Warring States" originally came from Liu Xiang's ".In addition to the triumph of words, this book continues the things that are remembered, down to the 202-year history of the rise of Chu and Han.
6.The following is an incorrect explanation of the relevant content in the "Classic Sayings" (3 points) (
a.The book includes 13 subsets of scriptures and histories, such as Shuowen Jie Zi, Zhou Yi, Shangshu and Book of Songs, which introduce the development and historical context of ancient Chinese literature in detail, and is a model work for introducing traditional culture.
b.In ancient times, the "zhi" in "Poetry and Words" was always related to politics or education, and people used such a point of view to interpret the work, such as Confucius's evaluation of "Guan Ju" as "happy but not lewd, sad but not sad".
c."Music" and "rites" were called together in ancient times, and the two were independent and had an edifying effect. "Music" includes singing and dancing, which teaches people to be calm and love each other, so that there is no greed, troublemaking, fraud, etc.
d.Among the seven heroes of the Warring States Period, "Qin" was the most powerful, and in the confrontation with the six countries, some people advocated that the six countries unite to resist Qin, called "Hezhong", and some advocated that the six countries unite to be pro-Qin, and Zhang Yi belonged to the Lianheng faction.
7.It has been suggested that when reading "Classic Conversations", you can choose ".Book of SongsFourth, "Cifu Eleventh" and "Poetry Twelfth" are read together, so that you can fully understand the development process and achievements of ancient Chinese poetry. Do you agree with this suggestion? Combined with the reading method of famous books, tell us what you think. (5 points).
Cf. ***
1.Zhu Ziqing Cangjie said that the text was interpreted.
2.Selective reading.
3.Musical casual musical instrument.
4.Religious ceremonies, social customs.
5.Warring States Policy Spring and Autumn.
6.(3 points) C [Analysis] Through the "Three Rites and the Fifth", "Ritual music has always been called together, but music is really a part of the rite; Music is attached to rituals and is used to supplement the deficiencies of rituals", it can be seen that the expression "'music' and 'rituals' were called together in ancient times, and they are independent and have an edifying effect" in item C is incorrect.
7.(5 points) Agreed. This method of reading is selective reading, and when reading the whole book, especially when reading a work with a wide range of content, such as "Classics and Common Talks", you can choose the part that interests you the most as an entry point. The Book of Songs IV is dedicated to the first collection of poetry in China, the Book of Songs, which is the source of realism in Chinese poetry; Ci Fu 11 introduces Qu Yuan's Chu Ci and the development process of Cifu, which is the source of Chinese poetic romanticism. "Poem No. 12" introduces the development of ancient Chinese poetry, as well as the influence of Chu Ci on the poetry of later generations, starting from the poems of Han Yuefu to the poems of the Song Dynasty. Reading these three articles together can give us a complete understanding of ancient Chinese poetry.
Classics are classics