Some people say that the Ming Dynasty is all faint and the Qing Dynasty is all Mingjun, why can the Ming Dynasty last for more than 270 years, but the Qing Dynasty died
The Ming Dynasty was a contradictory dynasty, some people said that the Ming Dynasty had no Ming monarchs, no famous ministers, and no famous generals, and it was a chaotic and backward dynasty; Some people say that the Ming Dynasty was a unified dynasty with a national backbone, because the emperor guarded the country, the king died and did not make peace, did not cede land, and did not sign humiliating treaties.
The Ming Dynasty enjoyed the country for more than 270 years, rejecting Mongolia in the north, rejecting Houjin in the east, resisting the Japanese along the coast, resisting the Japanese in Korea, and fighting continuously, but never signed any unequal treaties. The Hongwu and Yongle dynasties beat the invincible Mongolia and fled to the west, panicking like a lost dog. Zhu Qizhen of the Ming Yingzong of Tumubao was captured, but the Ming Dynasty still swore to resist to the death, and won the victory in the defense of Beijing under the leadership of Yu Qian and others. The three major campaigns of Wanli were won cleanly, and the situation in Liaodong was as stable as Mount Tai, which made people have to look at the emperor who did not go to court for 28 years. Even the carpenter emperor Zhu Youxiao also achieved good results on the battlefield in Liaodong under the chaotic situation of internal and external troubles. Yuan Keli went out of the town of Denglai to control the Liaohai, advanced by land and water, attacked with surprise troops, and directly advanced the battle line to the hinterland of the northern end of the southern four guards of the Later Jin, and Liu Aita was counterattacked by Yuan Keli, which made the Jin people even more ashamed. Even Mao Wenlong's direct approach to his lair brought a nightmare that Houjin had never had since the war.
The Ming Dynasty was the first Han Chinese to restore the unification of the Central Plains after the chaos of the Tang Dynasty, and they not only recovered the sixteen states of Yanyun, but also recaptured the three prefectures of Ping, Ying, Luan, and the vast areas of Liaodong, which had been lost earlier. The Ming Dynasty was a great dynasty, both from the perspective of war and economic culture. In addition to the good results achieved in foreign wars, the Longqing switch made one-third of the world's most advanced output pour into China, which effectively promoted the development of the domestic commodity economy and social economy in the Ming Dynasty, promoted the improvement of people's livelihood and social progress, and also provided an opportunity and stage for Chinese businessmen in the Ming Dynasty to actively participate in the East Asia and Pacific ** circle that had been established at that time. At the same time, the introduction of advanced firearms from the West into Middle-earth improved the combat effectiveness of the Ming Dynasty army to a certain extent, making Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and other countries taboo against invading China as a colony.
In terms of culture, Wang Yangming's theory of mind is one of the important theories in the history of Chinese thought and culture. Yangming Mind is not the study of idealism, nor is it just the study of psychology, but the ancient Chinese thinkers not only emphasized the Tao and nature, but also advocated the unity of heaven and man, and paid more attention to the subjective initiative of human beings and a series of philosophical thoughts.
First, the core concepts such as conscience have realized the integration of theory and practice.
1. The unity of subject and object and the unity of inner saint and outer king. Standing in today's new historical position, inheriting and carrying forward Yangming Xinxue has great theoretical value and practical significance. The literary form of the Ming Dynasty fully demonstrated its social role and literary value, broke the monopoly of orthodox poetry, and achieved a position on a par with Tang poetry, Song Ci and Yuan Qu in the history of literature. Famous ** such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", "Golden Plum", etc., are still loved by the majority of readers.
Why is such a great dynasty derogatory and useless? The reason is not complicated, and the serious smear of the Ming Dynasty by the Qing ** is the key.
The compilation of the History of the Ming Dynasty should be very easy, because the historical materials are very sufficient, but in the actual compilation process it is not so simple, the selection of historical materials is quite learned, neither can be excessively changed, and can not be completely recorded in accordance with the historical materials, after all, in ancient times, the political significance of the compilation of the history of the previous dynasties is more important than the value of historical materials, how to describe the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty can be said to have hollowed out its mind. With sufficient historical materials and clear records, it took nearly 100 years for the Manchu Qing Dynasty to complete the "History of the Ming Dynasty". A careful reading of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" will find that avoiding the important is light, and the improper choice is very serious. For the emperors of the Ming Dynasty, he promoted the evil and concealed the good, and did not hesitate to write and ink on the shortcomings, described them in detail, and criticized them greatly. There are many places to add oil and vinegar, and they don't even bother to hide it, and the traces are very obvious. If it comes to advantages, it will be passed by, or even hidden. The famous general Yuan Keli we mentioned above created too much trouble for Houjin and made them lose face, and he was also a figure who had a huge impact on the war situation in Liaodong. But in "History of the Ming Dynasty", Yuan Keli has no biography, and of course Liu Aita will not have a biography, after all, this is a shameful thing for the Manchu Qing Dynasty.
When it comes to the Ming Dynasty, the most criticized thing is that the emperor does not go to court, but not many people really understand the inside story of this. The Ming Dynasty abolished the prime minister to avoid the problems caused by the prime minister's excessive power. However, the Ming Dynasty had a cabinet system. The cabinet is equivalent to the high staff, and has the right to make recommendations, but does not have the right to make decisions, and the policies they formulate must be confirmed by the palm seal eunuch and the emperor before they can take effect. The Ming Dynasty's Taijian system is very sound, needless to say that the cabinet can't do whatever it wants, even the emperor is constrained everywhere, and if he wants to do something, hundreds of eyes of the officials are staring at you, and hundreds of mouths are waiting to provoke and scold you. The struggle for power between emperors, cabinets, eunuchs, and courtiers lasted almost throughout the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Above the court, the words and swords are nothing, and tearing the robe and tearing the belt to stage the whole martial arts often happened in the Ming Dynasty. The emperor wants to do things according to his own will, but the courtiers think it is not appropriate, then there will be more than 100 people kneeling in front of the emperor, forcing the emperor to correct, there is no room for negotiation, many emperors in the Ming Dynasty have suffered such deflated.
The system of the Ming Dynasty determined that it was impossible for anyone to monopolize power, and Zhang Juzheng, a minister who was strongly protected by the empress dowager and the emperor, wanted to take power alone, but also to unite with Feng Bao, and to turn the court upside down, and brutally killed the opposing ministers to achieve it. Even so, Zhang Juzheng is piled up by this chapter. Behind Zhang Juzheng's seemingly glamorous appearance, he is also frightening step by step, walking on thin ice. The power is as great as Yan Song, Yan Shifan's father and son, it can be said that the power is leaning towards the government and the opposition, Yan Shifan is an immortal genius, and he will not show his work, and it is difficult to have a handle to be caught by others. But Emperor Jiajing, who seemed to ignore the government and politics, thought carefully, and Xu Jie immediately took action, and gave the Yan father and son a casual charge that could be said to be trumped-up, and it was completely removed.
Because of the power restraint mechanism and mutual supervision, the Ming Dynasty rarely had obvious policy mistakes, but the imperial power was also greatly limited, and the emperor also had to fake his hands to the ministers to realize his own ideas, and experience told them that direct confrontation with the courtiers would be ugly. As a result, the emperor, who was supposed to give orders above the court, became the behind-the-scenes boss who controlled the political situation behind the scenes. Wanli did not go to court for 28 years, but he never lost control of the court situation, and the balance of power between the various forces in the DPRK and China was very well controlled. Including the carpenter emperor, he also has a clear understanding of the court situation, Wei Zhongxian was brought up by him, Wei Zhongxian is ruthless, dealing with political enemies, cruel methods, then again, which person in a high position does not stand up with the blood of political enemies. But Wei Zhongxian was not useless, he had a clear understanding of the situation in the Ming Dynasty. Wei Zhongxian understood the importance of the people's will very well, and during his reign, he increased taxes in the commercially developed coastal areas south of the Yangtze River, reduced taxes in the disaster-stricken areas in the northwest, and strongly advocated the restoration of the Yellow River embankment when the economy was not very prosperous, which greatly inhibited the development and growth of the peasant uprising. Wei Zhongxian attaches great importance to the situation in Liaodong and supports the front line in Liaodong very much, so it can be said that he wants money to give money and people to people. Yuan Chonghuan and Mao Wenlong were all supported by him. During the reign of Wei Zhongxian, the situation in Liaodong was still under control.
Before the Emperor of the Apocalypse died, he instructed Emperor Chongzhen to reuse Wei Zhongxian, but it was obvious that Zhu Youzhen did not understand his brother's intentions, Wei Zhongxian monopolized power, brutalized political enemies, and offended too many people. With no way out, the victims had no choice but to rise up, and the peasant uprising grew rapidly, hastening the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The Donglin Party is a group of mouth cannons, full of economy, exporting chapters, speaking the head of the way, occupying the commanding heights of morality. But most of them can't do real things. On the contrary, he stares at the people who do things every day, finds fault with them with an extremely harsh eye, and attacks them in groups when they find a little trivial thing, and they never die. They bear a great responsibility for the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
Having said so much, it just shows a problem, being an emperor under the Ming Dynasty system, you must bow down in person, be conscientious, and it is not a good idea to face the courtiers directly, and you can only be touched in the head. The best way is to balance the forces of all sides, let them supervise and restrain each other, exert some influence behind the back when necessary, and grasp the general direction of the situation without deviating. This is the fundamental reason why the emperor of the Ming Dynasty did not go to court. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty were diligent in their administration, that is, they adopted a monarchy with a high concentration of power, and the emperor held the highest power, and he had to be in charge of everything big and small, so he must be diligent in his administration. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, when Zhu Yuanzhang was in power, power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor alone, so Zhu Yuanzhang was also very diligent. Emperor Chongzhen at the end of the Ming Dynasty was also diligent in government, but he could not balance the forces of all parties, did not make good use of the ability of the minister, and he was suspicious and cruel by nature, under the monopoly of power, the emperor who lost his restraint did things, most of them only relied on self-awareness, and the result was full of mistakes and omissions, resulting in a chaotic situation in the court, and the Ming Dynasty was getting worse and worse, Chongzhen failed to learn the political wisdom of his grandfather Wanli Emperor and his brother Emperor Tianqi, and wanted to rely on his own ability to power the king of the storm, but on the contrary, he greatly accelerated the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
We have too many misunderstandings about the Ming Dynasty, and there is prejudice against the Ming Dynasty emperor, which is related to our nation's self-reflective attitude, and the Ming Dynasty materials have views on the shortcomings of the Ming Dynasty and the emperor's actions, which can be shown, and may even be overkill. For example, the death of Zhu Changluo, the Ming Dynasty information said that he was the eighth daughter of the day, and he fell ill with lewd pleasures, the reason is that Zhu Changluo was not treated well as a prince, and his life was depressed, which was caused by his indulgence after Wanli's death. This is nonsense, although Zhu Changluo is not happy, he is still the prince, and he lives a much more nourishing life than ordinary people, with a group of wives and concubines, and his son is an adult, and he is middle-aged, how can he be hungry and thirsty to the extent of the eighth lady of the night? Obviously, this is an exaggeration and is suspected of slander. In the Qing Dynasty this was absolutely impossible. They can only be *** and can not needle the disadvantages, otherwise the head will fall to the ground, which will lead to a serious double standard problem when comparing.
The Ming Dynasty beat the Mongols several times and fled to the west, and all the major tribes were torn apart. All Mongolian forces were very jealous of the Ming Dynasty, but they rarely mentioned it when talking about the military strength of the Ming Dynasty, and Kangxi's expedition to Mongolia was not very large, but it was widely publicized. Qianlong's six visits to the south of the Yangtze River were rumored to be a good story, and the Zhengde Emperor of the Ming Dynasty went down to the south of the Yangtze River once and was almost scolded as a dog. The Qing Dynasty was very happy, and the courtiers and the people were silent, but the emperor was still called Mingjun. Emperor Jiajing was able to tolerate the super thorny Hai Rui, although he reused Yan Song, but when he saw the dictatorship of Yan's father and son, he stopped the loss in time, but he was still scolded as a faint king. The Qing Dynasty treated ministers as slaves, and no one felt wrong; The emperor of the Ming Dynasty wanted to do something and the ministers passed, and Jiajing wanted to repair the palace and was scolded by the ministers, and he wanted to add an honorific title to his father and fought with the ministers for 17 years before he got his wish. Emperor Wanli wanted to set up a prince he liked, but he couldn't do so until he died. But no one praises them for democracy, but for their incompetence. There are many similar problems, and the emperors of the Ming Dynasty will be infinitely exaggerated as long as they are a little out of place; And the stains on the emperors of the Qing Dynasty are not important, this is called flaws are not hidden. This is the classic double standard.