Start planning my 2024 This article is based on the speech of Song Weitang, a professor at China Agricultural University, at the 13th High-level Conference on the Development of Modern Agriculture at the County Level in China.
On November 25, under the joint guidance of the people of Tongzhou District, Beijing and the China County and Town Economic Exchange Promotion Association, sponsored by the people of Lucheng Town, Tongzhou District, Beijing and the China County Economic Research Center of China Agricultural University, and hosted by Beijing Zhongnong Futong Horticulture and Beijing Zhongnong Futong Agricultural Planning and Design Institute, the 13th China County Modern Agricultural Development High-level Conference was successfully held in Beijing. Representatives of experts, scholars, associations and enterprises from many places attended the meeting to discuss the development of agriculture at the county level, with a total of 680,000 online live broadcasts. Ideas from the conference will continue to be released, so stay tuned!
The mechanization of facility vegetables is an industrial issue that has attracted much attention in recent years. At present, the overall mechanization rate of facility planting in China is 30%-40%. The mechanization rate is a very important assessment indicator for the modernization of facility agriculture, and the mechanized production mode of facilities will become more and more important in the future. Let's talk to you about how to build a mechanized production technology model for the whole process of facility vegetables.
First, the problems and solutions of the development of vegetable mechanization in facilities
1.At present, there are four main problems in the development of vegetable mechanization in facilities
The machine is not easy to use: the quality of the machine is poor;Inorganic available: little or no variety of machines;No good machine: the quality of the machine itself is poor;Poor use of machine: lack of professional team of agricultural machinery.
Facility vegetables are a complete and organic production system composed of three types of elements: agronomy, agricultural machinery, and facilities. As can be seen from the figure, there is a close relationship between the facility structure and cultivation mode of the inner layer and the mechanization of the outer layer. The problems in the development process of vegetable mechanization and the solution of these problems will be affected by these factors, and the role of these factors cannot be ignored.
2. Cause analysis
The analysis was carried out from the three elements of "agronomy, agricultural machinery, and facilities".
Agronomy: The current vegetable planting methods and models are based on manual operations, not mechanical operations. There is a contradiction with mechanical work. (resulting in "the machine is not easy to use").
Agricultural machinery: In the past, the state focused on the development of mechanization of food crops, but did not pay enough attention to vegetable machinery, and invested less in research and development, resulting in insufficient reserves of agricultural machinery technology and equipmentMost of the field machinery used now is miniaturized, or imported or borrowed from foreign countries (such as Japan), which will inevitably be unsuitable for water and soil, and contradict the agronomy in the facility. (resulting in "inorganic use" and "no good use").
Facilities: The horticultural facilities that have been built now, whether they are solar greenhouses or plastic greenhouses, are basically not considered in the design and construction of the smooth entry and exit and efficient operation of agricultural machinery, which restricts the use of machines and contradicts agricultural machinery. (resulting in "the machine is not easy to use").
In short, there is a contradiction and serious disconnect between agronomy, agricultural machinery, and facilities. In the future, we must break the boundaries, and the three must integrate and adapt to each other in order to fundamentally solve the problem.
From the perspective of facility vegetable production system, the facility horticulture engineering team of China Agricultural University proposed a method to carry out the deep integration of "agronomy-agricultural machinery-facilities" and then build a mechanized production technology model: "three steps".
Step 1: Construct a standardized cultivation model suitable for mechanization;
Step 2: Screening and research and development of suitable agricultural machinery and equipment;
Step 3: Transform and build mechanized horticultural facilities.
Second, the mechanized production technology mode of fruit vegetables in solar greenhouse
Step 1: Construct a standardized cultivation model suitable for mechanization
Characteristics of the new model: north-south planting changed to east-west;Increase the ridge spacing and wide ditch narrow furrow, expand the width of the ditch, ensure the normal passage of operation vehicles, plant protection equipment, etc., and realize the whole process of mechanized production.
In the solar greenhouse vegetable production system, "north-south planting" (agronomy) and "large machine size" (agricultural machinery) are the core contradictions restricting the improvement of mechanization level. In view of this contradiction, in the case that the agricultural machinery and equipment cannot break through and the size can not be reduced, it is necessary to find a breakthrough from the other side of the contradiction - agronomy.
Since 2015, our team has studied the effect of ridge orientation (haze 55%) on tomato in solar greenhouse (Tangshan, Hebei Province) under the cover of scattered light film, and the results show that there are no significant differences in the growth and yield of tomatoes in different ridges from north to south and east to west.
Step 2: Screening and restructuring, research and development of suitable agricultural machinery and equipment
The main mechanized operation links and recommended models.
Step 3: Renovation and construction of mechanized solar greenhouses
Pay attention to: span, front roof foot angle, import and export of agricultural machinery and equipment, east and west hanging devices and other aspects.
According to the "Evaluation of the Level of Agricultural Mechanization Part VI: Facility Agriculture" (NY T1086.).6-2016) standard, using the new mechanization technology mode, the whole process mechanization rate can be increased to more than 70%. Production practice has also confirmed that the operation efficiency can be increased by several times to more than ten times, the labor cost can be reduced by more than 1,000 yuan per mu, and the labor intensity is greatly reduced.
Precautions
The greenhouse should be covered with a film of scattered light to improve the uniformity of the light distribution in the canopy. The diffuse reflective film is hung on the back slope to improve the light intensity of the canopy on the north side.
Of course, there are still some problems that need to be solved, such as: mechanized agronomic measures need to be further explored and improved: variety selection, water and fertilizer management, planting density, ridge and furrow width, plant row spacing, ......
Depending on the region, different types of vegetables and even different seasons, the above agronomic parameters may be different.
3. Mechanized production technology mode of fruits and vegetables in plastic greenhouses
Step 1: Construct a standardized cultivation model suitable for mechanization
For the 8-span plastic greenhouses commonly used in production, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers and other fruits and vegetables, the suitable mechanized cultivation method of 4 furrows can be adopted, the center distance between the adjacent two furrows is 180cm, a ridge and two rows, the row spacing is 30-45cm, and the plant spacing is adjusted according to the needs of the number of acres of plants.
Step 2: Screening and restructuring, research and development of suitable agricultural machinery and equipment
The main operation link "machine substitution": reduce labor intensity, improve production efficiency and operation quality. Ensure smooth entry and exit of the machine and efficient operation.
Agricultural machinery and equipment used in solar greenhouses can be used in greenhouses.
Step 3: Transform and build a mechanized plastic greenhouse
1.The span of a single greenhouse can be 82m、10m、11.8m；Ridge height 35m；Shoulder height 2m;Ends (gables): 2m wide, 2-25m high multi-door;The end door and the side below the shoulder are equipped with an insect net + plastic film. The shed is covered with a film of scattered light. The length of the greenhouse should not be too long, but 40-60m.
2.Multi-story greenhouse: less multi-storey, that is, 2-3 spans are connected, which is conducive to ventilation in the shed.
In the mechanized greenhouse, the mechanized cultivation mode, plant protection machine, mining and transportation platform and other equipment can be used to carry out the operation smoothly. The deep integration of "agronomy-agricultural machinery-facilities" has been realized. The level of greenhouse mechanization can be increased to more than 80%.