Approaching the Spring Festival, it is time to post couplets and send blessings. Send a New Year's message, some people will say "happy family", and some people will say "happy family". But some "very serious" friends will emphasize that there is a difference between "family" and "family", and when blessing others, if they make a mistake, they will make jokes. Is this true?
In fact, it is not only "family fun" and "family fun" that are controversial, door-to-door gifts, some people carry a basket of "oranges", and some people carry a bag of "oranges"; To entertain guests and friends, some people want to rush to "pay", and some people want to "pay" ......
Family vs Family.
Formulation vs Formulation.
Foot color vs character.
Pay vs pay.
Dice vs dice.
Which of these sets of writing is right and which is wrong?
Don't worry,Everyone's answer is no problem!
Eh, I don't know which word you chose, how dare you say you chose the right word? This is because the above is generally correct. Today, let's take a look at these common words.
The pronunciation is mixed up - "family" and "family".
"阖" was originally a derivative of "合". Da Xuben's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Ji Bu": "He] Hekou also. Look at Da Xu's book "Saying the Text and Interpreting the Words: The Door": "Close] the door leaf also. One said: Closed. ”
In short, "together" means to shut up, and "closed" means to close the door. In fact, their ancient pronunciation is also very similar (in terms of terminology, it is called "曍蛍旁turn"), so experts feel that this is a group of cognate derivatives of "sound and meaning". [1]
Derived from the meaning of "close", "he" and "close" respectively produce the meaning of "whole". The Northern Wei Dynasty Jia Sixian's "Qi Min Yaoshu" volume 10 quotes the Jin dynasty Pei Yuan's "Guangzhou Chronicles" to record that the small oranges in Luofu Mountain are very magical, they will be sour when they are peeled and eaten, and they are particularly sweet when eaten with the skin (the original text is called "joint food"). Looking at "Zhuangzi Outer Chapters" again, it is said that "the entire Qi country" is also called "within the four realms". It can be seen that the meaning of "whole" can be used as "合" or "阖".
Qunbi Lou's book "Qi Min Technique" book shadow.
So,When the ancients wanted to express the meaning of "whole family", sometimes they wrote "family", sometimes they wrote "family", although the two still had different sounds until the Northern Song Dynasty's "Guangyun" and "Jiyun", but the meaning was exactly the same, and in fact they were very common. After the Song and Yuan dynasties, along with the phonetic changes, in the northern dialect, "合" and "阖" became homophones, so "合家" and "阖家" actually became a group of heteromorphic words, which can be replaced at will.
Tone change – "enact" and "enact".
When modern people encounter words such as "制 dìnɡ", "审 dìnɡ", and "pseudo dìnɡ", they always feel that it is really difficult to distinguish between "ding" and "ordering". But if you lived before the Song Dynasty, I guarantee that you never have to worry about this - becauseBefore the Song Dynasty, "ding" and "ding" were not the same in terms of pronunciation and meaning, and no one could confuse them.
For example, in the Song Dynasty rhyme book "Guangyun", there is only one pronunciation of "ding" (marked with the method of phonetic pronunciation of the ancients called "Tu Jing Che"), and the pronunciation of "Youqi ("He Ding Cut", "Tu Ding Che", "Ding Ding Che"), which sound is different. Let's look at the meaning: "Ding" emphasizes the determination of the decision, while "Ding" emphasizes consultation or multi-party reference. [2]
But after the Yuan Dynasty, in the northern dialect, "ding" and "ding" suddenly became homophones, and the meanings gradually became confused. For example, the term "engagement" originally refers to the determination of the marriage partner, which has been written as "engagement" for thousands of years, and I have never heard of anyone making an opinion; But after the Ming Dynasty, it became okay to write "engagement"; In 2001, the Ministry of Education and the State Language Commission issued a normative document "The First Batch of Heteromorphic Words Collation Table" (remember that this document is an official norm promulgated by the state to determine which writing is "wrong"), "engagement" became the normative way of writing, and "engagement" was eliminated instead. [3]
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Ruan Dacheng's "Spring Lantern Riddle" ("Fen Room Series") book shadow.
Of course, "engagement" becomes "engagement", in addition to the phonetic proximity, it is also because the marriage can only be concluded after negotiation, so even if it is changed to "engagement", the meaning is still the same. The aforementioned "制 dìnɡ", 設 dìnɡ", and pseudo dìnɡ are similar, and are usually "discussed" and "determined" by a group of people, but these words are not covered by the first batch of heteromorphic word collation tables (and the later "264 Heteromorphic Words Collation Table [Draft]).
So, in general, which "dìnɡ" is written correctly. Of course, if the specific context is not appropriate, such as "the chairman formulated a new regulation without consulting anyone", according to traditional customs, it is not appropriate to change "fixed" to "fixed".
Character change - "foot color" and "role".
Some people think that writing "character" as "footcolor" is uncultured. Not really. The word "foot color" existed in the Song Dynasty at least in the Song Dynasty, and it could only be written as "foot color" at the beginning, and there was no "role" written in it. In this word, the meaning of "foot" is similar to the "resume" of "resume", which means past experience; "Color" refers to the kind. For example, there was a person named Deng Chunnian in the Song Dynasty who wrote a book called "Ancient and Modern Surname Books Distinguishing Correction". Deng Chunnian also traced his family history behind the book, saying that his father was engaged in personnel work back then, and "he did his best to make Cao Cao's official footsteps". "Quancao" is the personnel department, "order officer" is to appoint officials, and the "footprint book" is of course a resume file.
Later, "footcolor" gradually came to mean to refer to a person's origin or background, since the Yuan and Ming dynasties, it also refers to the "foot color" in the drama. The "footcolor" here does not refer to specific drama characters, but refers to the footsteps of the troupe such as Sheng, Dan, Purity, and Ugliness. For example, "Zhengdan" is a "footcolor", which refers to the "female number one" in a play, Cui Yingying in "The Legend of the West Chamber", Du Liniang in "Peony Pavilion", Li Xiangjun in "Peach Blossom Fan", and Yang Yuhuan, the concubine in "Palace of Eternal Life". After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the word "foot" could refer to specific dramatic characters like Cui Yingying and Yang Yuhuan.
One of the four famous Chinese classical dramas "Peach Blossom Fan" (Kangxi carved book) book shadow.
The way of writing "foot" is at least in the Song Dynasty. However, in the Song Dynasty, "foot" and "horn" had different sounds and could not be replaced. The writing of "role" can not be found until the Qing Dynasty, which is much later than "footcolor". [4]
In Beijing dialect, there are two ways to read "foot" and "horn", which are roughly divided, and the meanings used in written language are generally pronounced jué, such as "gladiatorial fight", "mouth fight", "protagonist" or something; In colloquial language, there are many meanings used to pronounce jiǎo. According to the provisions of the "Mandarin Different Pronunciation Word Review Table" (this is a normative document that determines which pronunciation is correct and which is wrong), regardless of whether it is written "footcolor" or "role", we all have to pronounce it as juésè. [5]
In fact, there are many examples of this kind of "looking less formal than the way of writing, but it is more historical" in Chinese. For example, should the word "lènɡ god" be written "楞" or "stunned"? Some Chinese teachers saw "stunned" with a vertical heart, and emphasized that it was the only correct way to write it. But in fact, if you look through the ancient books of the Ming and Qing dynasties, you will find that the main thing used by people is "Leng", and "stunned" is a differentiated writing method that only emerged after the late Qing Dynasty. Of course, in the present, both of these ways are correct, and there is no need to distinguish between right and wrong.
The sixty-fifth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions". The book describes the drunkenness of the little girl Xi'er, saying that he is "already a flute eye".
Dialect contact - "pay the bill" and "pay the bill".
"Pay the bill" first comes from Cantonese, where "buried" means to approach, gather, and summarizeSome scholars speculate that it may have evolved from the ancient pronunciation of "Mo". [6] The customer checkout is called "paying the bill", and the merchant checking and settlement at night is called "burying the number" and "burying the cabinet". Bury it with your little hands, and you're going to make a fortune this year.
After the reform and opening up, the word "paying the bill" gradually spread to the north. But the complex meaning of "buried" in Cantonese is not even understood by experts, and we ordinary people can't remember it! And soThe northerners have made a "re-analysis" of this word, and they think that guessing from the sound and meaning, it may be "paying"! As a result, the writing of "paying" seems to be more popular than "paying". Of course, in fact, whether it is "buried" or "bought", it is likely to be a "phonetic word", and it is unlikely to be the original word of the word.
Coincidentally, the writing of "orange" as "orange" seems to have also been invented by Cantonese people. Starting from classic documents such as "Jinwen Shangshu Yu Gong" and "Chu Ci Nine Chapters Ode to Orange", for thousands of years, "orange" never seems to have been written as "orange", and "orange" only appears in words like "bellflower" and "orange", which is now read as jié. It was not until modern Chinese that a few local documents in Guangdong said that "orange" was a classification of "orange". In the Cantonese pronunciation at that time, "orange" sounded very similar to "auspicious" and "orange", and "orange" had fewer strokes, and the sound of "auspicious" was more festive, and the color was good, so it was favored by people, and gradually became the general name of all oranges, and in modern times, it has gone out of Guangdong and into the whole country. [7] To this day, there are more people writing "orange" than "orange" all over the country.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Qu Dajun's "Cantonese New Language" (Mutian Pavilion Ben) book shadow. The book says that there are two kinds of "oranges", one is "mandarin" and the other is "pine orange" (which should be narrower than the "wide peel orange" in today's agriculture).
Synonymous pronunciation – "dice" and "dice".
色 (shǎi) is an ancient toy (and gambling set) that existed at least during the Warring States period. "Warring States Policy, Qin Cesan, Cai Ze Sees and Chases Yu Zhao" refers to the gambling as "big investment", and the Southern Dynasty scholar Pei Chuan explained: "Vote, vote Qiongye." "Joan" is the dice.
Dice need to be thrown, so it is also called "throwing". According to the "Collection of Resources" written by Li Kuangyi of the Tang Dynasty, "Touzi" is often made of bones, so some ancients changed it to the side and wrote it as "dice".
Gu's Study** book shadow of "Leisure Collection".
A dice has six sides, and people often put.
The dots on the first and fourth sides are painted in vivid red. As a result, the dice have bright colors, and they also have the name of "dice".
In the beginning, although "dice" and "dice" refer to the same thing, the pronunciation is different, and the glyph is different, which is an ordinary synonym. However, it may be that some people think that "dice" sounds good, and "dice" is written formally, so they retain the pronunciation of "dice" and the glyph of "dice", pointing to "dice" to pronounce "dice", and forcibly mixing these two words.
The famous philologist Qiu Xigui called this phenomenon "synonymous reading". However, the normative document we just talked about "Mandarin Different Pronunciation Word Review Table" has disassembled the two again, "色" is pronounced shǎi, "dice" is pronounced tóu, each pronouncing its own sound, don't always hang out blindly if you have nothing to do.
This phenomenon is not uncommon. In ancient times, there was a unit called "stone", also called "dan". For example, Han Yu's "Miscellaneous Sayings" (the fourth): "Those who are thousands of miles away from horses will eat or eat all the corn and stone." ”
"Shi" and "Dan" were originally two different terms for the same unit. At least since the Tang Dynasty, some people have retained the glyph of "stone" and the pronunciation of "dan", and began to point to "shi" as "dan", which is also a kind of synonymous reading. Moreover, this kind of reading has not been canceled by normative documents such as the "Hearing Table", and it is people's freedom to change or not to change reading. Therefore, according to the current relevant norms, it is correct to pronounce shí and dàn as the unit "石".
These words can be written in any way, because with the change of time, the meaning of some words has been interpreted in a new way, and both ways of writing are considered correct, and there is no need to distinguish between right and wrong.
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