"Why China" Episode 7 Family Country.
In Changwu, Shaanxi, on the north bank of the Heihe River, a tributary of Jingshui, the ruins of Nianzipo are shrouded in a vast twilight. Here, perhaps 3,000 years ago, is the southern edge of the Loess Plateau, where thousands of ravines divide the fragmented Liangyu (mao3) plateau (yuan2), which is also the boundary between agricultural and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas. The Shang were based on agriculture, and the Yidi lived by herding, and the ancestors of the Zhou people had swayed between these two ways of life, they had been harassed by the Rongdi, but they were conquered by the merchants like Rongdi. On the oracle bones of the Shang King Wuding period, you can see the divination words related to "Cutting Zhou". When Gu Gong's father (dan3) became the leader of the Zhou tribe, he led his people to engage in farming and lived a stable life with surplus food at home. He often stood on the high mon of the bin1 plain and looked south, the mountains were continuous, and the sky was directly in the sky. He knew that over the mountain beams, there was the vast Guanzhong Plain, where it was a more fertile soil for farming.
Just as the clansmen were preparing for a decisive battle with Rong Di, Gu Gong (Dan3) father stopped everyone. His reasoning was that it made no difference to ordinary people under whose rule they lived, but that war could cost him his life at any time, so he was willing to leave Bin1 and leave both the land and the population to Rongdi.
Gu Gong 亶 (dan3) father, come to the dynasty (zhao1) to go to the horse", "rate the west water margin, as for Qixia". This is the Book of Songs.
mian2)" in the Zhou people's memory of the ancestors who moved to Qiyi from 豳 (bin1). The concession of the father of the ancient ancient prince (dan3) was shook.
bin1) People regarded it as a sign of love for the people, and they left their hometowns one after another, helped the old and the young, and followed him to the foot of Qishan. After hearing this, the surrounding tribes also came to join one after another, and they no longer were nomadic herders, but set up cities, built houses, and engaged in agriculture in the Zhou Yuan, but this also meant that they entered the sphere of influence of the "Great Bangshang". Shang, the strength is strong, expeditions everywhere, in the tomb of the king of Gang in the northwest of Yinxu, the sacrificial pit of the foundation site of the Xiaotun Yiqi building, and the tombs of non-royal families, a large number of human bones have been found from the burial, at this time, the Zhou is just a small state of man (zui4) in the west of Shangyi, and can only temporarily submit to this powerful kingdom.
Different from the indifference to life in that era, in the tombs of the Zhou people surnamed Ji, there were very few martyrs from beginning to end, and there were almost no martyrs. The Zhou people, who have been trying to survive for many years, deeply realize that only by relying on the strength of the group can they survive in the summer and rain, and benevolence is the glue that condenses the strength of the group. Gu Gong's father (dan3) took the little Ji Chang by the hand, walked slowly in the field, patiently taught him to identify each crop, and told him about their habits, the child's eyes were bright, he listened carefully, and tried to remember everything his grandfather said, and his grandfather often talked about the ancestors and Houji.
ji4) The story of farming and benefiting the world. His grandfather also told him that the human heart is the greatest weapon that the weak Zhou clan has. The sunset, millet.
su4) 黍 (shu3) Qingqing, the fertile soil that the ancestors and grandchildren have stepped on is Zhou Yuan. The Zhouyuan site is at the junction of Fufeng and Qishan counties in today's Shaanxi, with a total area of about 30 square kilometers. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Zhou Yuan look at (wu3), and vire (jin3) and tu (tu2) are like gluttony."
yi2)", which means that in the fertile fields of Zhouyuan, even the wild vegetables that grow are as sweet as gluttony.
The anointing of the land is not pure from God, but also from the cultivation of manpower. Looking down from the air, above the Zhou Yuan, the Zhou people once communicated the natural water system with the artificially excavated river channel, and used the reservoir as the regulating hub to form a huge water conservancy system, irrigating thousands of miles of fertile fields. In Wangjiazui in Zhou Yuan, archaeologists found the place where the Zhou people lived before the destruction of the Shang Dynasty. The site of Building No. 1 was the official office at that time, with a total area of more than 2,200 square meters, consisting of a front hall, a back room, an east and west wing, a front and rear courtyard, and an outbuilding. This kind of two-hall quadrangle-style layout of the front hall and back room is obviously based on the palace-style architecture of Shang. In the northeast direction of Wangjiazui, between a water, found a large and small double city wall (yuan2), the northwest of the regular rectangular city, was built in the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the city wall was only expanded in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, is the Guocheng where all the people lived. The Fengxiao building complex in the middle of the northern part of the city may be the official palace group, and the foundation site of the No. 3 building is the largest single building in the Western Zhou Dynasty known at present, and the community stone related to the land sacrifice was found in the courtyard.
On the south side of the building, a bronze chariot driven by Si4 horses was also found, and the horses and vehicles were decorated with a large number of bronze ornaments inlaid with turquoise, and the outer part of the carriage was decorated with thin-walled bronze animal faces, jade, and turquoise ornaments. This gorgeous carriage of the Western Zhou Dynasty should be the courtesy car of the high-ranking nobles, and the benevolent and popular Zhou gradually became stronger, and under the instruction of the Shang king, Zhou gradually assumed the role of governing the Western Land for the Shang. Ji Chang's father, Ji Li, was named Xibo by Emperor Yi of Shang, led the Zhou division to conquer Rongdi, and regularly worshiped the Shang king. In the mid-spring month, the peach blossoms on both sides of the Weishui River bloom, such as the clouds steaming in the clouds, on the river island, Ju (ju1) dove (jiu1) Guanguan, everyone flocks around the young Ji Chang from the strange palace.
yi3) came out and came to the edge of Weishui, and on the other side of the river came his new wife Tai Ji (si4). The traditional marriage object of the Zhou people is the Jiang tribe, who also lives in the western land of the merchants, and it is said that it is the Jiang woman Jiang Yuan (yuan2) who gave birth to the ancestor of the Zhou people, Houji (ji4). Ji Chang's grandmother is also the Taijiang of the Jiang clan.
But since Ji Chang's father, Ji Li, the leaders of the Zhou tribe also began to marry with the eastern tribes, trying to integrate into the Central Plains society. Ji Chang's mother, Tairen, was a nobleman of Yin Shang, and Ji Chang's wife, Tai Ji (Si4), also came from the east. More than 17,000 pieces of divination bones have been unearthed from the Fengxiao building site, of which there are more than 190 pieces of divination armor, the font is slender like a miniature carving, the text is no different from the merchant's text, and the divination procedure recorded is also the same as that of the merchant. Most of the divination words belong to the Jichang period, including sacrifices to the ancestors of the Yin Shang royal family, such as Chengtang, Taijia, Wending, and Diyi, among which the title of Zhou Fangbo also appears, which shows the obedience of the Zhou people to Shang. On the other hand, Ji Chang inherited the concept of Gu Gong (dan3) since his father, and more and more people came to submit to Zhou. In the verdant forest of Qishan, a few clear cries broke the silence of the early morning, a brocade pheasant (zhi4) swept through the morning mist and fell on the treetops, and Huan (huan2) Dayi Shang on the bank of the water, the Shang Emperor Xin stayed awake all night, he abandoned (bing4) the professional Zhenren, personally held the oracle bone, carefully observed the texture, and deduced the revelation of God and ancestors.
Suddenly, a birdsong shattered his myth, and he looked out the window in confusion, Zhou Qiangqiang finally aroused the vigilance of the merchants, and Ji Chang was imprisoned by Di Xin.
Forbidden in you3 for seven years, after Zhou Chen's many campaigns, he was finally released. After Ji Chang returned, he continued to cultivate virtue and politics while conquering the traitorous state for the Shang king, winning more and more princes, but soon Ji Chang died the following year after moving to Fengjing. After Ji Fa ascended the throne, he built a pickaxe.
hao4) Kyo. The site of Feng Ho (hao4) is in Chang'an District, Xi'an, and the Feng (Feng1) River runs between the two capitals, and Fengjing is in the west of the river.
hao4) Beijing is in the east of the river, across the river, and it is considerable. More than 10 large-scale rammed earth buildings, as well as roads and drainage facilities, have been found in the Hao4 Kyoto site. The scale of the No. 14 building of Wuling Heights is magnificent, and there is a sacrificial pit for burying animal bones in Yi4 nearby, which may be the temple of the Zhou people. The Zhou people used blood to determine the kinship, rank, feudal and hereditary relationship of the nobility. Ji Fa lives in Zongzhou, that is, Feng Ho.
hao4), he is the patriarch of the Ji clan and the monarch of the country, holding the clan power and the supreme power of the state.
Outside the capital, there is a cai4 eup surrounded by the children of the royal family. This is a country and a family, with the structure of the country and the blood of the family. The eastward relocation and expansion of the Zhou capital all indicate the growth of this once small state in the west. They are clothed with the strength of benevolence and virtue, and the sharpness of the patriarchal law, brewing a fierce blow to the big state in the east. As the twilight deepened, the carriage was still running between the mountain roads in the direction of the setting sun, and the difficult road was like a chasm, isolating the mountains and rivers in the distance. The two important Shang ministers, Taishi Jian (CI1) and Shaoshi Qi (Qiang2), firmly protected the nao2 cymbals beside them, which was the most sacred instrument of sacrifice in the Shang Dynasty and the duty of their families for generations. They were afraid that the bumps along the way would cause them to be slightly damaged. Due to the brutality of Emperor Xin, they had to choose to leave their homeland and homeland, like many Yin Shang nobles, and flee to Zhou, which was famous for its benevolence. In the "Pastoral Oath" written by the Vashang, King Wu bitterly reprimanded the king for his immorality, and he called the battle of the merchants "the punishment of heaven".
In that era of extreme worship of gods and witches, the Zhou people proposed from the secular level that the legitimacy of the rule should come from the Mandate of Heaven, and the Mandate of Heaven does not lie in the special relationship between the ancestors and the heavens, not in the monopoly of the technology and resources of the heavens, but mainly in the virtue of the rulers. The king of virtue will be granted a divine destiny by heaven, and those who have obtained this great destiny can get rid of the old life of the immoral dynasty, establish a new dynasty, and raise all the people. Shaanxi Lintong Lingkou Town unearthed Liwei.
gui3), the inscription at its bottom records the events of King Wu's war against Shang, "Bin (wu3) Zhengshang, Jia (wei2, Gu Tongwei) Jiazi Dynasty."
zhao1), years of Ding (dang1), "kedusk has business", which means that in the early morning of Jiazi Day, when the stars are in the sky. King Wu's army was used only.
The war ended in one day. As a right-hand envoy, Li was rewarded for his victory in the battle with King Wu, so he cast this bronze gui (gui3).
It is used to remember merit and as a ritual instrument to honor ancestors. Based on the special celestial phenomena mentioned in the inscriptions, coupled with the estimation of the Ganzhi date, archaeologists believe that the specific date of King Wu's war on Shang may be in 1046 BC.
Shang, with its splendid bronze and perfect writing system, has pushed our Chinese civilization to a new height of development. However, the fall of Shang also showed that the monopoly of theocracy and large-scale conquest and killing were no longer enough to intimidate the Quartet. In the face of the vast territory and diverse ethnic groups, how to truly incorporate them into the jurisdiction of the unified power, the Zhou people need a new political strategy. After the Zhou people established on behalf of the merchants, they properly settled the remnants of the Yin Shang, and Wu Geng, the son of Emperor Xin, was sealed in the former capital of the Yin Shang, and the Yin worship can still be continued. But at the same time, King Wu also sealed his three younger brothers, Uncle Guan, Uncle Cai, and Uncle Huo, near Yindu, playing the role of monitoring. His four most trusted ministers were divided into the eastern, northern, and southern borders of the former Shang Dynasty's territory. Jiang Shang was in the Qi State, the Zhou Duke was in the Lu State, the Zhao (shao4) Gong was in the Yan State, and the Nan Gong was in the Zeng State, and the Dongyi and Huaiyi who posed a huge threat to Shang were active in these places, and King Wu did not dare to take it lightly. In this year, Ji (ji1) returned from the east to the sea and went to the capital of Zhou to meet the king of Zhou.
On the way back, he specially turned to the old capital of the merchants, only to see that on the ruins of the palace (pi3), there were already grass and green grass, and the son of Ji (ji1) was the royal family of Yin Shang, and he was also an important minister with the same name as Weizi Bigan. In the former court, in the face of the obstinate Di Xin, he did not die like Bigan, nor did he leave like a microchild, but chose to pretend to be crazy, and was finally imprisoned as a slave. Before King Wu, he had also presented the law of governing the country in front of "Hong Fan", but he did not want to go away as an official. In front of you, Taihang is in the west, and Huan2 water flows eastward, and the scene is still the same. The Tianyi businessman who once made the world "dare not come to enjoy, dare not come to the king", but there is no trace of it. Ji (ji1) couldn't help but feel sad from it, and sang abruptly between the earth after the long day, "Mai Xiu is gradually getting worse, He Huang (shu3) is oily, and he is cunning (jiao3) Tong Xi is not good with me." The cunning boy in the poem is the last king of the Shang Dynasty, and his nephew Di Xin has already been on the Lutai on the day when the warrior soldiers came to the city. When the remnants of Yin Shang heard this song, they couldn't help but cry. Their dynasty has finally sunk into the long night of history.
The moon is like a wash, the bedroom of the king of Zhou is still brightly lit, after the king of Wu Keshang returned to the pickaxe (hao4) Beijing, but fell into a deeper worry than before the expedition, this day, he once again stayed up until the long night and wanted to dawn, and couldn't help but send someone in exchange for the Duke of Zhou. The all-night long talk between King Wu and Duke Zhou involved the transformation of the Zhou people's territory and identity. After the Zhou people originally came from the people who thought they were from the western land, and the merchants were located in the eastern kingdom, and after occupying all the original territory of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou people's ambition was not only to replace the merchants, but also to build a kingdom of unprecedented scale. After a long talk, the two agreed to build Luoyi in the north of Yiluo Ershui, in order to "set the heavens, according to the heavens", the heavens, that is, the Taimur Mountain. The concept of Mount Taimur as the middle of the world has a long history, and the capitals of the Xia and Shang dynasties are in this vicinity. On the way back to Hao4 Beijing, King Wu, accompanied by Jiang Shang, climbed to the top of Mount Taimur and overlooked the situation of the mountains and rivers in all directions, and he probably already had the idea of building Luoyi at that time.
This is He Zun, unearthed in Baoji Jia Village Town, Shaanxi Province, not far from Qiyi, the old capital of the Zhou people. Zun, is a wine vessel, the same is also a ritual vessel, this bronze vessel is the son of King Wu Zhou Cheng Wang in the 5th year of the reign, Zhou's clan nobles He, to commemorate King Cheng's admonition and reward. He Zungao 388 cm and weighs up.
14.6 kilograms, with 12 lines of 122 characters cast on the inner bottom, the inscription mentions that when King Cheng moved the political center to Cheng Zhou, he recounted the words of King Wu to heaven after conquering Shang. "Yu Qi Zhai Zi China, Zi Zhi Ji (yi4) people", this is the earliest name of "China" written in Chinese characters that we have seen so far. After King Cheng ascended the throne, under the auxiliary government of Duke Zhou and Zhao (Shao4), he fulfilled the last wish of King Wu to build Luoyi.
hao4) is Zongzhou, and Luoyi is Chengzhou, that is, China. In the capital of China, the Zhou people are no longer the people of the Western Soil, and the Zhou is no longer the Western Tufang State, but the suzerainty of the world. Under the whole world, is it not the king's land? This is the core of physical geography and political geography established by the Zhou people from the perspective of the world.
In the rest of his life, Zhou Gongdan often remembered the all-night conversation he had with his brother Ji Fa, in addition to building Luoyi, King Wu, who knew that he was sick and unable to support himself, also made another request, if he died, he would ask Zhou Gong to succeed him. Shocked, Zhou Gong replied that the foundation of the Zhou people is the foundation.
It is the patriarchal law, and the clan power is inherited by the father and the son, and the country should be the same. Once the law of succession of the king's son is implemented, the system of concubines, patriarchal law, and feudal will be woven into a complete set of solid superstructure. Zhou Gong thought, how could King Wu not understand? As the monarch, he only hopes that after his death, a benevolent and virtuous person like the Duke of Zhou can take over this unfinished business, and lead the unstable foundation of Zhou to truly become a long-standing state. Zhou Gong's mental tricks and rules do not lie in the immediate rights, but in Zhou's eternal public security plan. Therefore, he chose not to ascend the throne, not to seal the country, only.
Staying in Wangji (ji1) to assist the young King Cheng, Pingwu Geng's rebellion to the east to conquer Huaiyi, working hard to assist the government, urging King Cheng to cultivate his virtue, not only for the clan, but also for the world.
With the assistance of the Duke of Zhou, the Zhou Dynasty firmly controlled the land of Wangji (ji1) on the one hand, and explored different governance models through the feudal vassal states in the four directions, so that different tribes in various places could integrate into the political order of the Zhou people. The birds of Lu are facing a rather complicated situation, and the local people are full of oriental ethnic groups with very different cultures. When he saw the familiar door, he couldn't help but quicken his pace and walked into the hall. It has been 3 years since he left his parents to go to Ludi. Because his father, Duke Zhou, wanted to stay by King Cheng's side to assist the government, he could only be crowned on his behalf. This time, by coming back to report to the government, he was finally able to get together with his parents for a few days, and the white hair of Zhou Gong in the hall was dark, and his face was slightly tired because of the perennial exhaustion, but his eyes were still shining, as if he could understand everything in the world. He listened kindly and attentively to Bo Yu's report on the achievements of governance in Lu in the past three years, and frequently bowed.
han4). At the end, Zhou Gong seemed to remember something, and asked Bo Li why he came back to report for politics in 3 years? Bo Yu had already prepared and replied calmly, because he needed to change his customs and change his etiquette.
The Duke of Zhou told Bo Li that after the Taigong Jiang Shang made the Qi State of Lu, the neighbor of the Lu State, streamlined the courtesies of the monarch and ministers, followed the local customs, and returned to report to the government only in May. Bo Yu was stunned, and Zhou Xuan warned that only when the policies implemented are approachable to the people can they win the hearts of the people. The state of Qi praised by the Duke of Zhou was the fief of Jiang Shang, one of the three dukes of the early Zhou Dynasty. Although Qidi has industry, commerce, fishing, and salt, it is also the forefront of directly facing the Dongyi tribes. In recent years, a Western Zhou cemetery has been found in Gaoqing, Linzi, Shandong, with very high tomb specifications, as well as sacrificial relics and chariot and horse pits. The bronze ware unearthed in the tomb has an inscription with the word Qi Gong. If this is the Qi cemetery, then perhaps the earliest capital of Qi is in this area. A bronze ruffle (yan3) in the ** soil of the Spring and Autumn Tomb in Xidazhuang, Ju (ju3) County, may be the dowry of the marquis of Qi. Ju (ju3) was one of the Dongyi forces, and through this instrument, it can be imagined that the Qi State at that time was trying to integrate the Dongyi through various means. The place where the Yan Kingdom is located is a new fief opened by the Zhou people after the Shang Dynasty, guarding the northern border for the Zhou Dynasty, and the local Yin immigrants and local indigenous groups also live.
This is the silkworm (he2) unearthed from the Liulihe site in Fangshan, Beijing, and the inscription "ordered Kehou Yu Repeatedly (yan1, ancient Tongyan)" means that the king of Zhou will be restrained in Yan and govern the territory and the people of the six ethnic groups here. Ke is the eldest son of Taibao Zhao (shao4) Gong 奭 (shi4), because of Zhao.
Shao4) Duke stayed in Wangji (ji1) to assist the king of Zhou, so the eldest son was enthroned. However, the 1902 tomb ** soil is a canon.
The inscription of huan4) mu (you3) in Taibao Yong repeatedly (yan1) shows that Zhao (shao4) Gong himself not only came here in person, but also presided over the construction of Yandu. The owner of Tomb 1902 was a Yin remnant who was buried in a cemetery with the Zhou people. This historian named Huan was quite important during his lifetime, and the bronze vessel buried with him was engraved with the glory of being rewarded by the Zhou people. He followed the old custom of merchants martyring dogs, but he also identified with the new order constructed by the Zhou people, which can be seen. The coexistence strategy adopted by the Zhou people in the place where the ethnic group is complex should have a significant effect. Like Yandi, the Hanshui Valley was also a newly expanded territory after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty.
Archaeologists found a lost document in the country of Zeng (zeng1), the ancestor of Zeng (zeng1) near Suizhou, Hubei.
kuo4) also belongs to the surname Ji, and is an important minister who assisted King Wen and King Wu to complete the great cause of destroying the Shang, because I want to stay in Wangji (ji1) to take the post, and can only be entitled by my son. In the Yejiashan cemetery, the tombs of several generations of Zeng Marquis of the Western Zhou Dynasty were found, such as Zeng (Zeng1), Hou Yu (Kang4), Zeng (Zeng1) and Hou Jian (Jian4). This country, which has never appeared in any hand-me-down documents, is now widely believed to be the Suiguo of the head of the Hanyang Zhuji in the Zuo Chuan, and has existed for more than 700 years, leaving behind many precious artifacts and historical information from the two weeks. This Fang Ding is a bronze ware made by Shu Yu (yu2), Shu Yu is the son of King Wu, the younger brother of King Cheng, and was also awarded the Tang Dynasty during the period of King Cheng, leaving the legend of Tongye as a younger brother. Xie, the son of Shu Yu.
xie4) After his father succeeded to the throne, he moved the capital to the side of Jinshui and changed the name of the country from Tang to Jin. Jinnan is the birthplace of the Xia people, and it is natural to start the Xia government, and there are all over the Rong.
The Di tribe must also integrate all parties, which is an important responsibility of the Jin State.
Xie4's father's tomb ** soil a delicate bird, the body shape is incomparably vivid, the whole body is gorgeously decorated, it can be called a masterpiece of bronze art in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Marquis of Jin in the inscription in the lid of the bird is the self-title of Xie4's father, and this Jin character witnesses the history of Xie's (Xie4) father's move to Tang and Jin. In the cemetery of the Marquis of the Northern Zhao and Jin Dynasty at the Tianma site in Quwoqu Village, Shanxi, 9 groups of 19 tombs of the Marquis of Jin and his wife and the attached carriage and horse pits were found, which were regarded as the exclusive cemetery of the monarch and his wife. Almost every generation of Jin Marquis and his wife are buried together in a monogamous cave, only the Jin Muhou in Tomb No. 64 is buried next to two ladies. The group of jade pendants buried in the tomb of one of the ladies is the most complex ever seen. The jade pendant of the Zhou Dynasty group is a ritual instrument worn by the royal nobles when they carry out sacrifices, court (chao2) employment (pin4), marriage and other activities, which not only standardizes the dignity of the monarch and the minister, but also gives the moral concept of the Zhou people to it, which is an important embodiment of the increasing perfection of the social etiquette system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The adult Ji Yu wore a crown on his head, dressed in court clothes, and stood solemnly at the court meeting.
墠 (shan4) on the field. Zhou Gong is on the left, and Taigong Jiang is still on the right, both well-dressed.
Led by the hall were the descendants of Yao Shunyu Shang, and their appearance symbolized the legitimate royal lineage of Zhou. The princes in turn offered their domestic treasures, the sea clams of the East.
GE2), Xuanbei, kingfishers and elephants in the south, peacocks and cinnabar in the west, and deer and giant salamanders (ni2) in the north, a dazzling array of exotic products, symbolizing the submission of various places to Zhou. This grand court meeting etiquette, from the two dimensions of time and space, declares the authority of Zhou Tianzi. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, a total of 71 countries were divided, of which 53 countries were surnamed Ji with the same surname as the Zhou royal family. The division is the creation of the Zhou people to summarize the gains and losses of merchant governance and combine it with their own cultural traditions. The core of this system was not strong military control, but the integration of different ethnic groups under the leadership of the Zhou people, and the princes of the outer feudal feuds all undertook the mission of integrating the local ethnic groups with the Zhou culture. The Zhou people closely linked the patriarchal system rooted in blood relations with national governance, making the family and the country one. With a stable social system, the ceremonial decrees of Zhou Tianzi were effectively transmitted, and the state apparatus of the Zhou Dynasty was effectively operated.
Shaanxi Fufeng Zhuang Bai No. 1 cellar, is the new China since the founding of the People's Republic of China, unearthed the largest number of bronzes, in the area of only 2 square meters of the cellar, on the storage of 103 bronzes, 74 of which have inscriptions. On this historical wall plate cast during the reign of the Gongwang, the exploits of the Zhou kings of various generations from the civil and military to the Mu King are recounted. King Cheng was strict and disciplined, the feudal state, King Kang opened up the territory, King Zhao expanded Jingchu, and King Mu planned a big strategy. When the inscription traces the lineage of the Zhou people, the biggest change is that the ancestor Houji (ji4) is directly juxtaposed with God, and called God Houji (ji4) Kang (kang4) Bao. This means that the Zhou people pushed their ancestor Houji (ji4) forward to Shunyu, and at the same time intertwined the history of the clan with the history of the country, and gradually integrated it into the narrative of orthodox China. The completion of this ancient history system should have occurred during the reign of King Mu, where many changes took place. Summer is coming, Bozhong was ordered by King Mu to lead his troops in arms.
Yu4) Lin pursued Huaiyi and finally defeated the enemy, and Queen Mu Wang Yan (zu3) Jiang sent people to the front line to reward him. After returning to the court in triumph, he immediately rushed to his hometown to pay tribute to his parents. His father died when he was young, and it was his mother who raised him**.
In the past, before each expedition, his mother would always straighten his clothes, carefully check his armor (zhou4) for damage, and tell him to fight bravely and protect himself. Not long before the battle of Huaiyi, my mother had just died, and no one was like that. At this moment, he silently told his mother in his heart that he had returned safely. The gui3 made by Bozhong for his mother is engraved with a son's ardent longing for his deceased mother. "Mother's good deeds have been cleansed in my heart, and they will always protect me, so that I will be invincible, and I will not be hurt after the battle." There are also two pieces of Fang Ding made by Bozhong for his parents in the same tomb, one describes the life of King Mu, and the other describes the gift of Queen Mu, starting from King Mu of Zhou and King Gong, the food utensils of such tripods and guis in the tomb of Bozhong have become a new ritual system, and the bronze ritual system based on wine vessels such as Yao (gu1) and Jue was gradually abandoned. The Zhou people believed that the merchants' indulgence in alcohol was one of the reasons for their demise.
From King Wu's "Pastoral Oath" to Zhou Gong's "Wine Message", from the Da Yu Ding of King Kang in the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the inscription of Mao Gongding of King Xuan of the Western Zhou Dynasty, they have repeatedly warned the Zhou people not to drink too much, perhaps because of this, the Zhou people gradually created their own ritual system. At this time, the style of bronze ritual vessels also changed. Since the late Shang Dynasty, the ornate and elaborate (ru4) bronze decoration style has been gradually simplified, and the simple and simple bird pattern and geometric pattern have gradually become the mainstream. The family and state system constructed by the feudal system and the political concept of matching heaven with virtue are contained in these bronze ritual vessels with strong secular colors, and materialized into a ritual system. The gifts of the Zhou people, such as the spring rain moisturizing things silently, such as the sun shining in all directions, clothing, food, housing, transportation, weddings and funerals, the family and the country, the government and the opposition, everywhere. The bronze ritual vessels in the tomb are the most intuitive manifestation of this ritual system. According to the account of the "Legend of the Ram in the Spring and Autumn Period", in ceremonial activities, the Son of Heaven used Jiuding. The princes, doctors, and scholars under him used the seven tripods, five tripods, and three tripods in turn, and this set of ritual systems was in the village of Sanmenxia.
It is fully revealed in the cemetery of Lingyu (guo2).
These tombs, which lasted from the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the end of the kingdom of Qiu, are divided into five categories according to the number and presence of food utensils, chariot and horse utensils, and musical instruments. In the 90s of the last century, large-scale archaeological work was carried out in the cemetery of the Kingdom of Qiu, and two monarch-level tombs of the tomb of Qiu Ji and the tomb of Yu Zhong were discovered. There are more than 20 tripods of various types buried in the tomb of Yu Zhong, including a set of seven tripods of various sizes, which is consistent with the identity of the royal family. None of the tombs below the second rank have any musical instruments, and the number of other types of utensils decreases gradually, and between the five ranks, not only the types and quantities of bronze ritual vessels are different, but also the dishes served by the food vessels (cheng2), the carriages and horses carried by the carriages, and the music played by the yellow bells. In the past hundred years, hundreds of tombs have followed the same rules, which is the weekly rite of Yongyong Mumu. Mao Gong Ding unearthed in Qishan in the last years of Qing Daoguang, which was made by Mao Gong to commemorate the canonization and reward of King Xuan of Zhou. In the inscription, King Xuan first pursued the prosperous era of King Wen and King Wu with benevolence and virtue (zhao4), and the monarch and ministers governed the world as one, and then felt the difficulties of the times, and was worried about the unstable situation and the endangerment of the country.
I earnestly ask Mao Gong, who is also an important minister and a clan relative, to worry about labor for my state and my family, to manage government affairs diligently, not to prevaricate the common people, not to let the officials show favoritism, not to make widows (guan1) widows and widows, hoping to restrain subordinates, not to make alcoholism, you must not be derelict in your duties, and Fengxi must remember that it is not easy to keep a job. From King Xuan's words, the wind and rain of that era were like obscurity. Since the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, for a long period of time, the focus of territorial management has been on the eastern, northern and southern territories, and the western territory where the Zongzhou Dynasty is located, perhaps because it is the birthplace of the clan, is confident that it can be placed under control, such negligence to guard against the hidden dangers. The short-lived revival of King Xuan's period was powerless after all. By the time of the Youwang, the strategic layout of this imbalance of things finally completely exposed its drawbacks. Shen Hou united on the grounds that his daughter Empress Shen and his grandson Yijiu (jiu4) were deposed.
zeng1) The country and the dog Rong, kill the king of Yu Li (li2) under the mountain. After that, King Ping moved to Chengzhou, and his ancestral home for hundreds of years had to be abandoned.
In the area of Zhou Yuan, more than 100 bronze bends in the late Western Zhou Dynasty have been discovered, and there are more than a dozen important discoveries of the first earth bronze ware and long inscriptions. At that time, these bronze groups were supposed to be owned by different noble families. But why did they hide these heavy weapons in the ground at about the same time and never take them out? Some people contacted the situation in the Western Zhou New Year, speculating that it may be related to the invasion of the dog Rong, and the nobles hastily buried the treasure that was difficult to take away, and hurriedly followed the king of Zhou eastward. Since then, due to various reasons, they have been buried underground for thousands of years, and have become the key for future generations to understand a glorious history of the Western Zhou Dynasty (yue4). At the same time as the Zhou Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, a previously unknown small clan in the west entered the sight of the Zhou royal family and the eastern princes, and that was Qin. The early history of the Qin people almost repeated the path of the ancestors of the Zhou people, from struggling to survive on the side of Xirong to guarding the western soil for the Zhou dynasty. When King You was killed, Qin Xianggong had led troops to rescue, although he was not able to turn the tide, but he was able to emerge, and then escorted King Ping to the east into Zhou, and King Ping was officially named a prince of Xianggong and given the land of Qixi.
Later, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Qin Gong Cast (BO2) cast by Qin Wugong had an inscription recalling this incident, "My ancestors were mandated by heaven, and the house was rewarded by the country." From then on, the Qin state to the west began to rise between the Khan and Wei (Qian1 Wei4), and no one knew that they were about to become the protagonists of the next era and open a colorful chapter in Chinese history. Confucius day, depressed and depressed, I follow Zhou. Through the construction of a new political system and political ideas, the Zhou people formed the humanistic tone of Chinese civilization, which radiated more brilliantly in the subsequent Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since then, the concept of the Chinese civilization has been established, and it has opened up a model of political community formation that includes the structure of the world. From then on, no matter what language, culture or way of life, no matter where they originated, as long as they live in the land that gave birth to the Chinese civilization, they will eventually be able to integrate into this set of out-of-the-world order through continuous adjustment and identity foundation. The China that was originally between Yiluo is bound to snowball and grow into a splendid and grand political community!