The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty in China's 2,000-year-old feudal dynasty history and a period of transition from ancient to modern Chinese society.
The history of the Qing Dynasty has had both shame and glory. The glory of the Qing Dynasty has made great contributions to the development of Chinese history and the progress of world civilization.
So what were the historical contributions to the Chinese nation throughout the Qing Dynasty? Next, let's talk about the top ten historical contributions of the Qing Dynasty, let's take a look!
Note: Special emphasis should be placed on the contribution of the Qing Dynasty to history, not the contribution of a certain person or a certain nation, but the common contribution of the people of all ethnic groups of the Chinese nation.
10. Painting. To a large extent, Qing Dynasty painting is a continuation of the state of painting in the late Ming Dynasty, especially the painting appearance presented in the early Qing Dynasty. After the vigorous development of the multi-painting school, the painting style tended to be more individualized, and this period was an important development stage and combing period in the history of Chinese painting. In particular, the landscape painting department presents a situation in which many painting styles coexist, famous artists gather, and there are various genres and characteristics.
Under the influence of politics, economy, ideology, culture and other aspects of the time, Chinese Qing Dynasty paintings presented a specific style of the times. Scroll painting continued the trend since the Yuan and Ming dynasties, with literati painting becoming popular, landscape painting flourishing, and ink freehand painting prevalent. Literati painting presents two tendencies: reverence for antiquity and innovation. They have different pursuits in terms of subject matter, ideological taste, pen and ink skills, etc., and have formed a variety of styles and genres. Court painting also achieved great development in the Kangxi and Qianlong periods, and presented a new style that was completely different from the courtyard style of the previous generation. Folk paintings, with the achievements of New Year paintings and prints being the most prominent, present an unprecedented prosperity.
Painters led by the "Four Kings", through Dong Qichang in the late Ming Dynasty, traced back to the Song and Yuan traditions, and his works generally attached importance to the interest of brush and ink, and the style was elegant and subtle, conveying a calm, tranquil and chic artistic conception, which was regarded as "orthodox" by the rulers. Among the "Four Kings", the "Yushan School" represented by Wang Hui and the "Loudong School" represented by Wang Yuanqi were both the most powerful painting schools in the Qing Dynasty.
Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yuanqi and Wang Hui, known as the "Four Kings" in history, are regarded as authentic in the art world. The four kings are committed to imitating the ancient or seeking changes in the imitation of the ancients, worshipping the four families of the Yuan, and trying to collect the great achievements of the ancients. Attaching great importance to brush and ink, but less observing nature, he developed the artistic expression of the technique of layering and dyeing dry brush thirsty ink in the artistic practice of Lingu.
Wu Li and Yun Shouping, who are known as the "Four Qing Families" or "Four Kings Wu Yun" together with the Four Kings, belong to this large system. Wu Li's teachers of the Song and Yuan dynasties, the pen and ink are elegant, the objects are colorful, and the style is mellow. Yun Shouping created a bone painting method in the creation of flowers, showing the spirit and style in the workmanship, and the picture was innocent and refined, clear and gorgeous.
At the same time as the Four Kings, the monk painters Zhu Qi, Shi Tao, Zhu Zhu and Hongren advocated the continuation of the past and the present, and innovated their creation, and were known as the "Four Monks" in history. They emphasized the emancipation of individuality, demanded "Tao Yonghu", proposed to "borrow from the past to open up the present", opposed Chen Chen Xiangxi, emphasized self-discovery, and used painting to express the pain of the loss of the country, and express the strong feelings in the heart.
9. Agronomy. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there was a lot of barren land, which could be seen everywhere, but in the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty, most of it was reclaimed and cultivated. As a result, the area of cultivated land increased from more than 400 hectares in 1645 to more than 680 hectares in 1724.
Construction of water conservancy. During Kangxi's reign, he once vigorously harnessed the Yellow River, the Huai River and the canal, and at the same time repaired the Yongding River. During the reign of Yongzheng, he also built sea ponds in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, so that the farmland along the coastal areas was protected from the destruction of the tide, which was also a great project.
Increase in grain yield per acre. For example, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hubei, and the southeastern coastal areas are all high-yield rice production areas, and the yield per mu can reach two or three stones, and the most can reach five or six or even six or seven stones. At this time, the promotion of high-yielding crops such as corn (i.e., maize) and sweet potatoes (commonly known as sweet potatoes) had a significant impact on the increase in grain production.
Corn originated in the Americas, spread to China in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and was gradually planted in many places in the north and south, and in the Qing Dynasty, it was planted in almost all provinces of the country.
Sweet potatoes are also native to the Americas, and were introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty, first cultivated in coastal areas such as Fujian, and then slowly spread to the north, and were generally cultivated throughout the country during the Qing Dynasty. The yield of jade millet is far higher than that of wheat, and the yield of sweet potato per mu can reach several thousand catties.
Expansion of cash crop cultivation. For example, the cultivation of cotton has been popularized throughout the country, among which Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hebei, Henan, and Shandong are all well-known cotton-producing areas, and a large amount of cotton in these places is exported, and even in the Fengtian area (now Liaoning), where cotton is planted late, a lot of cotton is also transported to Guannei every year.
The cultivation of sugarcane is also common in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places, such as some places in Guangdong where sugarcane is planted up to 1,000 hectares, as lush as reeds, and Taiwan also has 10,000 hectares of sugarcane fields. Tobacco that came to China during the Ming Dynasty was widespread throughout the country at this time. The cause of planting mulberry and raising silkworms is also very prosperous, such as some areas in Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, and planting mulberry and silkworms has become an important production project for farmers. The expansion of the planting area of cash crops is an important embodiment of the development of the commodity economy, and at the same time, it has also promoted the development of the commodity economy.
There were more than 100 agricultural books in the Qing Dynasty, especially in the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties. There are works such as "King James Conferral Time General Examination", "Guangqun Fangpu", "Supplement Agricultural Book" and so on. Among them, the large-scale comprehensive agricultural book "King James Conferral Time General Examination" was compiled by a group of literati convened by Emperor Qianlong Hongli in the second year of Qianlong (1737). The scale of the book is slightly smaller than that of the Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration. Because it is an official letter written by the emperor, most of the provinces have reproduced it, and it is widely circulated.
8. Medicine. The development of medicine during the Qing Dynasty presented a relatively complex situation, the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine have been perfected and matured after a long period of historical testing and accumulation, whether it is the overall theoretical elaboration, or the actual diagnosis and treatment methods of various clinical subspecialties, there has been a complete system, and the efficacy is outstanding under the conditions at that time, and it is slightly better than the medical situation of other countries in the world.
In particular, the formation of the school of warm disease has played a positive role in reducing mortality and preventing infection in the field of infectious fever. Among them, the vigorous implementation of the method of human pox vaccination to prevent smallpox is a glorious page in the history of medicine in China and even the world. The second example is the trend of innovation in anatomy, which also shows that Chinese medicine is trying to find new breakthroughs.
In the Qing Dynasty, the representative works of traditional Chinese medicine in the field of warm diseases (including infectious and non-infectious febrile diseases) include Ye Gui's "Treatise on Warmth", Xue Xue's "Differentiation of Dampness and Heat", Wu Jin's "Differentiation of Warm Diseases" and Wang Shixiong's "Warm Jingwei".
During the Qianlong period, the 90 volumes of the "Jinjian of the Medical Sect" collected many new secrets and experience prescriptions, and made many examinations and revisions to books such as "The Essentials of Jinkui" and "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", which is an important work to introduce the clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine.
Wang Qingren, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, made outstanding achievements in medicine and wrote the book "Medical Forest Correction Errors". He emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge in the treatment of diseases, and questioned the records of viscera in ancient books. Through the anatomical study of the internal organs of corpses, he drew 25 kinds of "Pictures of Correcting the Viscera by Seeing and Correcting the Viscera in Person", corrected some mistakes of his predecessors, and made useful contributions to the development of anatomy in the motherland.
7. The Qing Dynasty had a surge in population and the largest Chinese dynasty.
The Chinese population figures of the Qing Dynasty lack accurate statistics. According to expert estimates, China's population was about 50 million in the Han Dynasty and 90 million in the Ming Dynasty, and some say 100 million. The population of the Qing Dynasty was 191376250 in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661), 249183590 in the sixtieth year of Kangxi (1721), 264179320 in the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734), 304354110 in the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong (1791), and 413457311 in the twenty-first year of Daoguang (1841), that is, the population exceeded 400 million in the time of Daoguang and became the most populous country in the world. Some estimate that it was about one-third of the world's population at the time.
Population growth has both positive and negative effects. Its positive impact is that it shows that during this historical period, the society was relatively stable, the economy developed somewhat, and the output of grain crops increased, so the population grew relatively fast, and the overall national strength was strengthened. Its negative effects are: rewarding land reclamation, destroying the ecological balance, population growth is too fast, causing social pressure, regularly triggering social **, and causing major social crises.
However, the Qing Dynasty had a large population and had many favorable factors, (1) potatoes, corn, and sweet potatoes were introduced at the end of the Ming Dynasty (2) The population would surge in the early days of the Dynasty (3) Cowpox could be planted at the end of the Ming Dynasty (4) There were no natural disasters and man-made disasters (5) The quality of the population decreased sharply, and the per capita GDP was low!
Sixth, there are many heroic figures.
Among the Chinese historical figures, the Qing Dynasty was the historical period in which the most politicians, military strategists, writers, artists, linguists and scientists were contributed among the 56 ethnic groups.
politicians such as Qing Taizu Nurhachi, Qing Taizong Emperor Taiji, Prince Regent Rui Dolgon, Kangxi Emperor Xuanye, Yongzheng Emperor Yinzhen, Qianlong Emperor Hongli; military strategists such as Daishan, Zhaohui, and Gui; national heroes such as Zheng Chenggong, Sabsu, and Lin Zexu; thinkers such as Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Dai Zhen; literary scholars such as Nalan Xingde, Cao Xueqin, Pu Songling, Wu Jingzi; linguists such as Erdeni and Dahai; astronomical mathematicians such as Ming Antu, Mei Wending, Wang Xixian, Li Shanlan, Wang Zhenyi; biologists such as Wu Qijun ("Illustrated Examination of Plant Names") and Wang Hao ("Qunfang Spectrum"); pharmacists such as Wang Qingren ("Medical Forest Corrects Mistakes"), Sang Jie Gyatso ("Blue Glass"), Zhao Xuemin ("Compendium of Materia Medica"), and Ye Tianshi, Xue Shengbai, Wu Jutong, and Wang Mengying; scholars such as Wan Sitong, Qian Daxin, Zhao Yi, Gu Zuyu, Zhang Xuecheng; Hydraulic scientists such as Jin Fu, Chen Huang, and so on. The familiar Cao Xueqin and Nalan Rongruo are typical examples of outstanding figures in the Qing Dynasty.
5. Construct the royal gardens.
Qing Dynasty it was built by a northern nomad, as we all know that the northern nomads are good at riding and shooting, it is in the northeast, after arriving in the Guannei, the weather is very hot, in the summer, Dolgon said that the heat is unbearable, and there is no place to hunt, this is a special historical condition to decide.
The Qing Dynasty overhauled the royal garden, the beginning was in the South Garden, the Shunzhi was mainly in the South Garden, inheriting the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty's South Garden, and later because the South Garden was a little far away from the city, Kangxi built the Changchun Garden, which is now the west of the West Gate of Peking University. When Yongzheng, he began to repair the Old Summer Palace, and when he arrived in Qianlong, he repaired the Qingyi Garden, and the current Summer Palace was overhauled.
Beijing's Three Mountains and Five Gardens, Wanshou Mountain's Qingyi Garden, namely the Summer Palace, Xiangshan's Jingyi Garden, Yuquan Mountain's Jingming Garden, and Yuanming's Three Gardens.
In particular, the Old Summer Palace is the 48 scenic spots of the Old Summer Palace, the 30 scenic spots of the Changchun Garden, and the 30 scenic spots of the Wanchun Garden (Qichun Garden), a total of 108 scenic spots, which concentrate the excellence of the northern and southern gardens and the length of the Chinese and Western gardens, and integrate them into one garden to reach the peak of the classical Chinese gardens.
The area of Xishan has been developed since Liao and Jin, but the basic pattern we can see now is mainly the royal gardens built during the Qing Dynasty. Outside Beijing, the summer resort in Chengde, the Eight Temples Outside, the Mulan Enclosure, and the Shengjing Palace in Shenyang. There are also the five tombs of the Qing Dynasty, that is, the three tombs outside the Guanwai, Yongling, Fuling, Zhaoling, the Qing Dongling in Hebei, the Qing Xiling, and Qianlong rebuilt the Temple of Heaven, which have become world cultural heritage. The Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven, the Chengde Summer Resort, the Shenyang Forbidden City, the three tombs outside the Qingguan, the Qing Dongling Tomb, the Qing Xiling Tomb, etc., these royal gardens, all reflect the glory of the Qing Dynasty garden culture, is the pearl in the history of garden art, and most of them are listed as world cultural heritage, which is not only our Chinese cultural heritage, but also the world's human cultural heritage, which can be regarded as a major contribution of the Qing Dynasty.
Fourth, the inheritance of Chinese culture.
The Qing Dynasty did not enforce its own Manchu language, script, and religion to all ethnic groups (the Han people were forced to shave their hair and change their clothes), but the cultural policy of the Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and other ethnic groups, as the "Book of Rites" said: "the way of combining the inside and outside", converging the essence of the cultures of various ethnic groups, inheriting and developing.
Especially for the traditional Han culture, the manuscripts, manuscripts, solitary books, and manuscripts scattered among the people were collected by layers of officials, copied again, and gathered into the "Four Libraries Quanshu", "Jing", "History", "Zi", and "Ji" Four Library Books, which played an immeasurable and important role in the preservation and circulation of the cultural classics of the Chinese nation.
Many books have been lost after hundreds of years of war and disaster, and it is not easy to keep the books from one family to another. But this book Qianlong officially copied seven books, one in Beijing, one in Chengde, one in Shenyang, one in Hangzhou, one in Zhenjiang, and so on, a total of seven, scholars, you can go there to read books, to consult and copy, which is equivalent to building seven national libraries. These books were photocopied later, and now all the big libraries in the world can find photocopies of the "Siku Quanshu", today I checked a lot of books, and I couldn't find it at all, but it is very convenient for you to check the "Siku Quanshu", and we have it in the library, so you can find it.
Therefore, the Siku Quanshu has played an important role in preserving and inheriting Chinese cultural classics. There are also "Ancient and Modern Books Collection", "Tripitaka", "Chinese Tripitaka", "Mongolian Tripitaka", "Manchu Tripitaka", which were engraved in the Qing Dynasty. There was a book in the Qing Dynasty, called "Old Files without Circles", written in Manchu, some people called it "Old Manchurian Files", and it was pasted, sorted out, and recopied during the Qianlong period, and it has been passed down to the present. At this time, he also revised the "General Chronicles of the Eight Banners of the King James Dynasty" and "Manchurian Yuanliu Examination". Especially at this time, some maps were compiled, such as "Kangxi Panorama Map", "Qianlong Inner Mansion Map", "Qianlong Capital City Map", "Qianlong Capital City Map" every room is painted, every palace, courtyard, every room, and every room is inverted, which is the most complete map of the capital in the world at that time with modern methods, which can be said to be the most complete in the world.
In addition, he also edited and revised "All Tang Poems", "All Tang Texts", "Kangxi Dictionary", "Ancient and Modern Books Collection", "Siku Quanshu", "Qing Dynasty Records", "Manchu Tripitaka", "The Origin of the Legal Calendar", "Old Files without Circles" (also known as "Old Manchurian Files", "Manchu Old Files"), "Imperial Public Opinion Panorama Map", "Qianlong Capital City Map", "Eight Banners Tongzhi", "Manchurian Source Examination", "Imperial Five-Body Qing Wenjian", etc., which are the fruits of multi-ethnic culture. Among them, the "Four Library Quanshu" copied seven parts, namely the Imperial Palace Wenyuan Pavilion, the Yuanmingyuan Wenyuan Pavilion, the Shengjing Wensu Pavilion, and the Chengde Wenjin Pavilion that is, the North Four Pavilions, a total of four; Yangzhou Wenhui Pavilion, Hangzhou Wenlan Pavilion, Zhenjiang Wenzong Pavilion is the South Three Pavilions, each stored one for the scholars to read. The Imperial Five-Body Qing Wenjian occupies an important position in the history of world linguistics. The world's four major ancient civilizations, ancient Egypt, ancient India, and ancient Babylon, have all been interrupted, but the Chinese civilization has not been interrupted, but has been inherited and carried forward. The Qing Dynasty made historic contributions to the inheritance and development of Chinese traditions.
3. Multi-ethnic unity.
China is a multi-ethnic country, and it is not easy to unify multiple nationalities under the jurisdiction of one political power.
And the ethnic relations of the Qing Dynasty were the best period in the history of China's feudal dynasties. In the northeast, the Qing Dynasty solved the problem of various ethnic groups from the Liao River to the Heilongjiang River Basin, and the so-called "Bianxi" field of the previous generation, the Qing Dynasty became the "Land of Longxing".
In the north, since the Qin and Han dynasties in China, the Xiongnu have always been the border troubles in the north of the ** Dynasty. For this reason, Qin Shi Huang connected the Great Wall of the Six Kingdoms and became the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Miles.
The Mongolian problem in the Ming Dynasty was never completely resolved. Jisi and Gengxu, the Mongol army attacked Jingshi twice, and Ming Yingzong even became a prisoner of the Mongol thorns. After the rise of the Qing Dynasty, the approach to Mongolia was completely different from that of the Han emperors of the Central Plains and the Jurchen emperors of the Jin Dynasty. It has successively subdued Monan Mongolia, Moxi Erut Mongolia, and Mobei Khalkha Mongolia.
The Qing Dynasty's subjugation to Mongolia "fussed Bingong and crossed the Han and Tang dynasties." It can be said that the problems of the Xiongnu and Mongols in China's 2,000-year ancient social history were not solved until the Qing Dynasty. Later, Emperor Kangxi said: "In the past, Qin built earth and stone work and built the Great Wall. And We have shown mercy to the Khalkhas, so that they may be guarded against the Shuofang, and the longer cities will be stronger. "In the past, the Great Wall defended Mongolia, and Mongolia became the Great Wall against the invasion of Tsarist Russia during the Qing Dynasty.
In the northeast region, Daur, Xibe, Oroqen, Evenki, etc., it was really the Qing Dynasty that completed the unification of this region. Mongolia in the north, Mongolia in the south, Mongolia in the north and Mongolia in the west, the ethnic problem has also been solved.
The southwest is mainly **, when Qianlong, a "King James ** Statute" was made, which is very important, in the "King James ** Statute" stipulated, in the ** stationed in Tibet, garrison, canonization ** and Panchen, when the reincarnation of the living Buddha was stipulated, the system of the golden Pemba bottle, and others.
This "King James Charter" has continued to the present, the Qianlong period was made, the "King James Charter" has been influenced until later, ** in the Qing Dynasty completely under the jurisdiction of **, the southwest ethnic minorities, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other ethnic minorities, through the "change of land and return to the stream", strengthen the management and unification of these ethnic areas, these ethnic groups, "change the land and return to the stream" Ming Dynasty has, but in the Yongzheng period, basically completely implemented the "change the land and return to the stream" system, there is a history of origin process, It was really carried out on a large scale and persisted in the Yongzheng period. The Gaoshan people in the southeast, with the reunification of Taiwan, the Gaoshan people also came under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty, and we look at the ethnic groups of the Qing Dynasty, from the northeast, north, northwest, southwest to the southeast, it can be said that the unification of multiple ethnic groups has been achieved.
2. Lay the foundation for China's territory.
During the Qing Dynasty, the unified multi-ethnic state was consolidated and developed, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified the Mongolian tribes, incorporated Xinjiang and ** into the territory, and actively safeguarded the integrity of the country's territorial sovereignty.
In 1760, the Qing Dynasty reached its peak in pacifying Dzungaria, dividing the Erguna River, the Gelbiqi River and the Trans-Khingan Mountains with the Russian Empire in the northeast, and this border reached the Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin IslandDue north and Tsarist Russia are bordered by the Sayan Mountains, the Shabinayi Mountains, Kyakhta and the Ergun River;The northwest is bordered by the Kazakh Khanate and other northwestern vassal states from the Sayan Mountains, Zaisangbo, Alahu, Issyk-Kul Lake, Balkhash Lake to the Pamir Plateau;The southwest is bordered by the Mughal Empire of India, Nepal, Bhutan and other countries, from the Himalayas to the Savage MountainsDue south is roughly similar to the boundary between the present-day People's Republic of China and Southeast Asian countries, including Nankan, Jiangxinpo and northern BurmaIt is separated from Japan and Ryukyu in the east, the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, and the Joseon Dynasty along the Tumen River and the Yalu RiverThe Qing Dynasty also possessed Taiwan, Penghu, Hainan and the South China Sea Islands in the South China Sea (then known as Qianli Shitang, Wanli Changsha, and Zengmu Dark Sand). At this time, the effective territory under its control reached 13.16 million square kilometers, which is much larger than what our country has today, and at this time, the pattern of China as a unified multi-ethnic world power was finally determined.
Although there were many unequal treaties at the end of the Qing Dynasty, which led to land cession, at the time of its demise, it still had more than 11 million square kilometers. The reason why the Qing Dynasty had so much area is still related to the era at that time.
The boundaries of the Qianlong period surpassed the territory of the Qin Emperor, Han Wu, Tang Dynasty, and Song Zu, and also exceeded the territory of the Ming Dynasty. Within the territory under its jurisdiction, the Qing Dynasty established administrative regions, dispatched **, stationed troops, regularly patrolled, collected taxes, and paid tribute on time, and implemented effective rule. The territory of Shengqing is bordered by the Sea of Okhotsk in the east, the dark sand of Zengmu in Antarctica, the Himalayas in the southwest, the Green Mountains in the west, Lake Balkhash in the northwest, the desert in the north, and the Khingan Mountains in the northeast until Sakhalin Island, with a territory area of 13 million square kilometers, which is one-third more than the 9.6 million square kilometers of China's land today.
On the world map of the Qing Dynasty's "prosperous Kangqian era", it was praised by the French enlightenment scholar Voltaire as "the most beautiful, oldest, largest, most populous and best-governed country in the world." The Qing Dynasty, which was the "prosperous Kangqian era", was a great empire with the most vast territory, the strongest national strength, the largest population, the richest products, the most developed economy, and the most prosperous culture in the world at that time.
1. Standing in the East of the World.
In the first year of Shunzhi, in 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and set the capital in Beijing, and then the Central Plains were unified. In the 296 years of the Qing Dynasty, the history of our Chinese dynasty was counted from Qin Shi Huang to the first emperor, that is, in 221 BC, to the third year of Xuantong, 1911 AD, a total of 2132 years, and some people counted 492 emperors.
The history of the Qing Dynasty accounts for one-seventh of the history of the Chinese imperial dynasty, and there are only four unified dynasties in the history of our Chinese dynasty that have been in the past 200 years, the Western Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty have always been half of the mountains and rivers, and there was no unification, and the Yuan Dynasty was unified for less than a hundred years. Therefore, the only great unified dynasties in Chinese history that are enough for 200 years are the Han, Tang, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and the Han Gaozu Liu Bang, the Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, and the Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang are all Han Chinese, and only the Qing Taizu Nurhachi is a Manchu.
In the history of China's dynasties for more than 2,000 years, the Qing Empire should be said to occupy a prominent position, standing in the east of the world. At that time, when Shunzhi entered the customs, there was no bourgeois revolution in England, no great revolution in France, no unification of Germany, no establishment of the United States of America, no reform of serfdom, and no Meiji Restoration in Japan. I think that the Qing Dynasty was the most powerful country in the world at that time, and the Eight Banners Army of the Qing Dynasty at this time was the most powerful cavalry in the world at that time, and the Qing Empire at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty stood tall in the east of the world. This is not a personal matter of Shunzhi, it is not a personal matter of Dorgon, it is a matter of our Chinese nation, and the Chinese nation at this time stands tall in the east of the world.
February** Dynamic Incentive Program