Yingzheng period, why proposedHuayi YiyaThought?
In the 18th century, Hong Dae-yong, a representative of the North Korean School, broke with the long-standing traditional concept and put forward a view that was completely different from the previous contempt and rejection of the Yi people in Korea - "Huayi Yiya".
The basic meaning of this idea is that Huayi is equal, which contains a simple sense of equality. Subsequently, the idea of "Huayi Yiye" gradually became the view of China in the Yingzheng period, and this chapter will analyze its motivations, manifestations, and influences in detail.
During this period, the DPRK completely abandoned the long-term concept of excluding and excluding the Qing Dynasty, and began to adopt the concept of "Huayi Yiya" towards China.
There are three main reasons for the change in North Korea's thinking toward China: first, the rise of the Qing Dynasty broke the "Hu Wu Hundred Years Theory" insisted on by North Korea; Second, the Qing Dynasty's policy of "Fu Fan Zi Xiao" improved Sino-Korean relations; Finally, the idea of equality between Hwasai and the North Korean School directly promoted the emergence of the idea of "Hwayi Yiya".
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the "Hu Wu Hundred Years Theory" prevailed in Korea, which made Korea have a negative attitude towards the Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing Dynasty's strong and prosperous policy of "Fu Fan Zi Xiao", as well as the advocacy of the North Korean School, prompted a change in North Korea's thinking towards China.
I prefer the other version, because the Yuan dynasty ruled in the Central Plains for only ninety-eight years, which convinced the Korean scholars that the Manchu fortunes would not exceed a hundred years.
Specifically, the turmoil within the Qing Dynasty was:"Hu Wubai said"Evidence was provided. After entering the customs, the domestic political situation of the Qing Dynasty was turbulent, the peasant rebel army controlled most of the central and southwestern parts, and the Southern Ming regime was still in the south of the Yangtze River.
Song Shilie mentioned it when analyzing the situation"Hu also has no luck for a hundred years, so it is appropriate to learn from internal cultivation"。It can be seen,"Hu Wubai said"It arose at the same time as the Qing dynasty and was accepted by subsequent Korean subjects.
Thirty years before the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the rebellion of the three feudatories broke out, and Joseon had high hopes for Wu Sangui to overthrow the Qing dynasty. Although the rebellion was quickly suppressed, the Korean warriors said with emotion: "The hearts of the people have been attached to Allah since ancient times, and Hu Yunyuan has not been in a hundred years."
They firmly believed that the Qing Dynasty had just escaped by chance. However, when the Qing Dynasty was founded for 60 years, with the construction of the Great Newspaper Altar and the Wandong Temple, there was a wave of anti-Qing wind in Korea.
When Senator Li Guangzuo made a statement to Suzong, he still did not believe that the Qing Dynasty had the ability to dominate the world and would eventually be defeated and retreat outside the Guanwai, so Korea should take precautions as soon as possible. However, after Yingzu ascended the throne, the "Hu Wunian Theory" gradually declined, and it has become the end of the strong crossbow.
After more than 80 years, the Ming Dynasty has become a thing of the past, and the Qing Dynasty has become the new ruler. Although North Korea still associated natural and man-made disasters within the Qing Dynasty with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, there was not much left of the 100-year period.
In the sixth year of Yingzu (1730 AD), Yan Xing's ministers brought the news of what happened in Beijing, and Yingzu said: "If the lips die, won't the teeth chill?" Every time the Qing emperor takes care of our country, our country is ashamed."
From his words, we can see that he no longer has the schadenfreude of the past, but has begun to worry about the safety of the Qing Dynasty. This shows that Yingzu's view of the Qing Dynasty has changed.
In 1744, the "Hu Wu Hundred Years Theory" was finally crushed by the wheel of history. In the twenty-seventh year of Yingzu (1751), Hong Fenghan pointed out: "The fortune of the Hu people will not exceed a hundred years, and they have ruled in China for more than a hundred years, this is indeed the moment of self-improvement and internal cultivation of the country." ”
This view directly acknowledges the power and wealth of the Qing Dynasty, and the hundred-year theory has become a thing of the past. In his discussions with his ministers, Jeongjo also expressed skepticism about the "Hu Wu Hundred Years", which he believed was unfounded, and demanded equal treatment of the Qing Dynasty's idea of "Huayi Yiya", which had already begun to emerge.
In the Yongqian period of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, which was strong, unified across the four seas, and subjugated by all nations, was implemented"The word Fu Fan is small"policy. The core idea of this policy was to reduce the burden on the vassal states in order to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
This includes reducing the amount of tribute paid by the DPRK and reducing the types and quantities of tribute, especially by drastically reducing the annual tribute of the DPRK. These measures were intended to show favor to Korea while also maintaining the Qing Dynasty's relations with vassal states such as Korea.
The Qing Dynasty had always regarded Korea as an important base for replenishing grain and grass, and gave great rewards to Korean monarchs and courtiers when fighting against the Ming army, quelling the Southern Ming regime, the rebellion of the three feudatories, and Taiwan.
In this process, the Qing Dynasty hoped to establish the image of the first country in the hearts of the Koreans through these measures, so as to weaken the anti-Qing consciousness in North Korea. Although the annual tribute of the Joseon was less than one-tenth of the original treaty, the Qing Dynasty still hoped to appease the DPRK by increasing the reward.
1.During the Qing Dynasty, the emperor's grace was immense. Whether it is the reward of the seventh year of Yongzheng or the reward of the eighth year of Qianlong, it shows the importance and respect of the Qing Dynasty for the surrounding countries.
2.The Qing Dynasty has always maintained friendly and respectful diplomatic relations with Korea. From the reward of the seventh year of Yongzheng to the reward of the eighth year of Qianlong, it shows that the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to Korea.
3.The Qing Dynasty strictly regulated Qing envoys and put an end to any possible blackmail. This not only upheld the dignity of the Qing Dynasty, but also ensured friendly relations with Korea.
4.Whether it was the Qing emperor's reward or the Qing Dynasty's strict regulations on Qing envoys, it showed the Qing Dynasty's respect and friendship with neighboring countries. This also gave the Qing Dynasty a high reputation in history.
Emperor Qianlong was well aware of the custom that Qing envoys went to Korea every year in the name of delivering edicts and rewards, and that Korea had to return the favor to Qing envoys. However, the amount of return gifts is often huge, and in order to solve this problem, the Qianlong Emperor ordered that from this edict onwards, all the items of platinum and other items given as gifts should be cut in half according to the old practice.
At the same time, Qianlong also stipulated that the Qing envoys must be inspected in Shenyang, Shanhaiguan and other places on their return trip, so as to completely eliminate the possibility of the Qing envoys receiving gifts privately. This made the Korean minister admit that the cost of giving back to the Qing envoy was greatly reduced, but it also reaped tangible benefits.
Controlling the behavior of the Qing envoys not only helped to reduce the burden on North Korea, but also established a fine international image of the Qing Dynasty and enhanced North Korea's favorability towards the Qing Dynasty. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty always adhered to the strategy of "appeasing the vassals and turning the small into the small" to treat Korea, and worked hard to eliminate the negative impression of the Qing Dynasty for a long time, erase the huge shadow brought by the two indiscriminate rebellions to the Korean subjects, and hope to completely conquer Korea and make it sincerely obedient.
This series of actions has indeed promoted a change in North Korea's perception of China.
The Northern School, which was dominated by the study and improvement of Korean and Chinese learning, arose in the late Joseon Dynasty. In the mid-to-late eighteenth century, members of this school frequently gathered to discuss academic issues and national events, and put forward a new Huayi thought.
This ideological innovation originated from Li Yan, the founder of the Xinghu School, and his protégé An Dingfu. Since the 17th century, a large number of Western knowledge and classics have been introduced to Korea through China, and new geographical knowledge has impacted the traditional Huayi concept of Korean scholars.
Li Ying and An Dingfu believe that no matter how big or small, countries are all part of the earth, and there is no distinction between high and low, and they should all be treated equally, thus negating the traditional concept of Huayi.
They believe that the distinction between the high and the low between Huayi is artificially created, and there has been no other distinction between Huayi since ancient times. Their views have powerfully challenged the traditional Huayi thought and inspired later realists such as Hong Darong to reinterpret the Huayi view.
Hong Darong, a representative of the Northern School and a realist, broke the Sinocentrism.
Hong Darong broke the Sinocentric theory and advocated that China is not the center of the universe, that heaven and earth are unbounded, and that there is a center everywhere. He advocated "equality between Huayi and China", believing that North Korea should not be confined to the distinction between Huayi and Yi, nor should it be limited to the world of "Little China", because the land of etiquette, loyalty and filial piety is all extraterritorial spring and autumn.
He believes that the Qing Dynasty has learned and accepted the Chinese etiquette system, and must not continue to blindly regard it as Yidi, but should advocate "Huayi Yiye", each proximity, each respecting its own monarch, each guarding its own country, and each maintaining its own customs.
Hong Darong resolutely opposes the theory that Huayi is noble and inferior, believing that all men are equal, and this concept of equality has been advocated by several generations of scholars of the Northern School, which has caused a change in the concept of Huayi in North Korea, and the idea of "Huayi Yiye" has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and has become the core essence of North Korea's view of China during the Yingzheng period.